Fig. 1

Measurement method of alveolar bone surface inclination. a A buccolingual virtual plane (p-1) was set through the implant body axis in the axial slice at the entry of the implant body in the preoperative simulation. b Buccolingual bone surface inclination X (0–90°) was measured between the implant axis and bone surface line on p-1. c A mesiodistal virtual plane (p-2) was set through the implant body axis in the axial slice at the entry of the implant body in the preoperative simulation. d Mesiodistal bone surface inclination Y (0–90°) was measured between the implant axis and bone surface line on p-2