Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws (BP-ONJ) is triggered by inflammatory processes. Typical trigger factors are periodontal disease, denture pressure sores, and surgical interventions such as tooth extractions. Unfortunately there is only little data on how to proceed with implant therapy in patients with bisphosphonate treatment. This topic is not addressed in the German guidelines on medication-associated osteonecrosis. Therefore a systematic literature review was performed.
Methods
The PICO design was used: (Patients) For which subclientel of patients with antiresorptive therapy (intervention) do dental implants have a benefit (control) compared to forgoing dental implants (outcome) in regards to oral rehabilitation and quality of life without having a substantial risk of BP-ONJ development? A PubMed search was performed including all studies dealing with this topic. Case reports and studies with less than 5 cases were excluded.
Results
There is only very little data available, mostly retrospective case series. 50 articles were analyzed in detail. BP-ONJ can be triggered by dental implants and by dentures in patients with benign and malignant primary diseases. In most studies, analyzing osteoporosis patients only, no cases of BP-ONJ were observed in patients with implant therapy in the time span observed. There are no studies about implant therapy in patients with malignant diseases. Many case series analyzing the trigger factors for BP-ONJ describe dentures as one of the main causes. Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis has a benefit in the prevention of BP-ONJ development.
Conclusion
Successful implant therapy is possible in patients receiving antiresorptive therapy. The possibility of osteonecrosis development needs to be explained to the patient. An individual risk assessment is essential, taking the primary disease with the medication and further wound-healing-compromising diseases and medications into account. If possible, bone augmentations should be avoided, and a perioperative antimicrobiological prophylaxis is strongly recommended in these patients.
Keywords
Bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jawsBisphosphonateDental implantDentureAugmentationSinus liftAntibioticsQuality of life
Introduction
Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws (BP-ONJ) is a well-known side effect in patients receiving bisphosphonates (BP) due to e.g. osteoporosis, multiple myeloma or malignant diseases with metastases to the bone; prevalences range between 0.1% for patients with primary osteoporosis to 1% in patients with secondary osteoporosis and up to about 20% for special high risk subpopulations of patients with a malignant disease and further predisposing factors [1, 2]. In addition to general risk factors such as the primary disease implicating the antiresorptive therapy, the antiresorptive therapy itself, concomitant diseases and medications and other influencing systemic factors usually a further factor triggering the development of BP-ONJ can be identified such as periodontal disease, extractions, denture pressure sores, or implant insertion [3, 4]. Usually BP-ONJ occurs in patients of higher ages (69 years ±10 years [3]) due to the primary disease causing the BP therapy so that it is not unusual that these patients seek the dentist for oral rehabilitation where implant therapy and bone augmentation for optimal implant positioning might be considered to substitute lost teeth.
There are guidelines describing BP treatment as a contraindication for implant therapy in patients with an oncologic primary disease [5, 6] that say implant insertion should be avoided [7, 8]. On the other hand, there are studies describing the safety of dental implant surgery in patients with oral BP and osteoporosis with no occurring BP-ONJ cases [5]. However, there are cases of successful implant insertion in patients with malignant primary diseases and cases of BP-ONJ in patients with osteoporosis [9, 10]. Reviews mention that there are only very few retrospective studies with moderate strength of evidence addressing this topic [11] so that no final recommendation can be given [12]. Oral and intravenous BP are not seen as absolute contraindications for dental implant therapy and that dental implants can osseointegrate successfully. It is recommended to do a risk assessment and to inform the patient about the potential risk of BP-ONJ development [11–13].
A similar scenario is well known in patients with radiation of the jaws. Initially, radiation therapy was seen as a contraindication for implant insertion [14] because of osteoradionecrosis. In Germany meanwhile, implants are covered by the health insurance by law in some of these patients (§28 SGB V Sozialgesetzbuch). Due to xerostomia sufficient fixation of a denture is rather complicated, and implants can improve the situation and might reduce the incidence of osteoradionecrosis by avoiding pressure denture sores that could result in exposed bone and eventually osteoradionecrosis.
This development could be transferred to patients with antiresorptive treatment (bisphosphonates, denosumab) since implants might reduce the incidence of BP-ONJ due to the lack of denture pressure sores in these patients. As well, denture pressure sores have been described by many authors as the triggering factor for BP-ONJ [15].
The German guidelines on bisphosphonate- and medication-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws state that there might be a limitation in the indication of implant insertion in these patients, but the implant-based oral rehabilitation was not a part of these guidelines [1]. To address this deficit in the literature, the rationale of this literature review was to find out which patients with antiresorptive therapy (BP, denosumab) benefit from dental implants without being exposed to an unreasonable high risk of osteonecrosis development.
Review
Methods
A systematic review was performed in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses protocols (PRISMA-P),
Focused question
The review was performed using the PICO design.
Patients: For which subclientel of patients with antiresorptive therapy
Intervention: do dental implants have a benefit
Control: compared to forgoing dental implants
Outcome: in regards to oral rehabilitation and quality of life without having a substantial risk of BP-ONJ development.
Search strategy
In June 2015, a PubMed search was performed by TW looking for all available articles; no limitation on the publication date was imposed. The search was modified by CW, BA, ES and KAG so that 24 more articles were identified.
To address the topics, the search terms bisphosphonate and denosumab were used in combination with the following search terms: osteonecrosis, jaw, dental implants, periimplantitis, denture, augmentation, sinus lift, antibiotics, xerostomia, CTX, medication time, masticatory efficiency, tmj disorder, prevention, oral health related quality of life [NOT oral cavity cancer], prognosis dental implant, persisting alveolar socket, sharp bone edges [NOT children NOT osteogenesis imperfecta, ossification [NOT children NOT osteogenesis imperfecta], bone remodeling, and post extraction [NOT children NOT osteogenesis imperfecta]. 17 articles were added due to the manual search (Table 1 and Fig. 1).
Table 1
PubMed literature search with the total number of hits for each topic and the number of included articles for each topic. For each topic the search terms (ST) are given
Topic
Identified (n)
Included (n)
Outcome osteonecrosis risk. ST (bisphosphonate OR denosumab) AND osteonecrosis jaw AND
Dental implant OR periimplantitis
105
18
Denture
49
12
Jaw augmentation OR sinus lift
7
0
Antibiotics AND dental implant
16
0
Xerostomia
4
0
CTX
35
0
Medication time
16
0
Outcome mastification. ST
Masticatory efficiency AND dental implant
61
0
TMJ disorder AND dental implant AND prevention
10
0
Outcome quality of life. ST (bisphosphonate OR denosumab) AND
Quality of life AND dental implant
5
1
Oral health related quality of life AND dental implant
1
0
Outcome prognosis remaining dentition. ST (bisphosphonate OR denosumab) AND
Prognosis remaining dentition AND dental implant
0
0
Outcome prognosis future implants. ST (bisphosphonate OR denosumab) AND
Dental implant AND prognosis
16
0
Persisting alveolar socket
2
2
Sharp bone edges AND jaw NOT children NOT osteogenesis imperfecta
2
0
Ossification AND jaw NOT children NOT osteogenesis imperfecta
66
0
Bone remodeling AND post extraction AND jaw NOT children NOT osteogenesis imperfecta
7
Radiologic changes AND jaw NOT children NOT ostegenesis imperfect AND dental implant
1
0
Hand search
17
Total
403
50
Fig. 1
Flow diagram of literature search and selection
Study inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria were:
Prospective (randomized controlled, non-randomized controlled, cohort) and retrospective studies (controlled, case control, single cohort) and case series dealing with dental implants in patients with antiresorptive therapy. Studies that had less than five patients or cases were excluded as well as studies whose cases lacked data or were not clearly defined. The studies had to be published in either English or German.
Studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded.
In the first step, the titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility. In the second step, all full-articles were evaluated.
Quality assessment of selected studies
Due to the available data, an explicit quality assessment was not performed.
Data extraction and method of analysis
A table was generated and used to collect the relevant information.
Results
Out of 606 articles 556 articles were excluded because they were either duplicates, case reports, narrative reviews, case series with less than 5 cases or were not associated with the topic at all (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Some of the articles analyzed more than one outcome and are referred to several times. Since the available literature is very inhomogeneous with a low level of evidence a statistical analysis was not performed and the following results are descriptive only.
Dental implants/periimplantitis
The literature dealing with this topic can roughly be separated into three groups:
a.
BP-ONJ case series exclusively triggered by implants in patients with malignant and benign diseases [9, 10, 16–19],
b.
BP-ONJ case series analyzing case series of BP-ONJ of which varying amounts are caused by implants in part among patients with malignant and benign diseases [20–23] and
c.
implant studies performed exclusively in patients with benign diseases, mostly osteoporosis [24–31]. In very few of these studies, the primary disease was not given, but the prescribed bisphosphonates strongly suggest osteoporosis as the primary disease (see Table 2).
Table 2
Included literature
Implant
Author Year Reference
Study type
Patients
Primary disease in BP patients (n)
BP BP-Th (years min- max)
BP-ONJ cases due to implants
Implants (n)
Implant insertion in all patients (patients [n]) Point of time
203 patients with 515 implants; 20 out of those patients with osteoporosis and oral BP
Osteoporosis 20
Oral BP > 3
0
46
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
All patients with implant therapy from 08/2000 until 05/2004 were contacted and data was collected by interview (in person/per telephone). 203 patients with 515 implants; in 20 patients (46 implants) with osteoporosis and oral BP no ONJ occurred no implant was lost. There is no data regarding the implant success in the patients without osteoporosis.
90 patients with established ONJ some of them with implants
Malignoma 90
Z n.s.
9
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
All patients with BP-ONJ from 01/2004 until 12/2015 were retrospectively analyzed. 78% had an additional radiation. It is not clear if the head and neck region was affected and if the implant patients were affected. The study describes the cumulative BP dose, smoking, steroid intake and the maxillary location as risk factors for an increases BP-ONJ stage.
13 patients with established ONJ due to dental implants
Osteoporosis 5
breast cancer 3
lung cancer 1
Langerhans cell
histiocytosis 1
Z A P I-
0.5 – 9
0 – 15.6
13
47
3
7
3
All patients with BP-ONJ from 04/2004 – 07/2012 were analyzed. Among those were 13 patients (47 implants) with implants as a trigger. 30 implants had to be removed.
It takes longer for BP-ONJ development if implants are placed during or after BP treatment compared to implants being inserted before BP treatment.
6 patients with established BP-ONJ due to dental implants
Osteoporosis 4 breast cancer 1 multiple myeloma 1
A Z
1.5-6
6
-
6
-
All patients with BP-ONJ due to dental implants from 2009 – 2011 were analyzed; 3 patients with BP-ONJ in the posterior maxilla 3 patients with BP-ONJ in the mandible (2 distal, 1 anterior)
19 patients with established BP-ONJ due to dental implants
Osteoporosis 18 multiple myeloma 1
A I P R Z 1 - 5
19
n.s.
3
16
-
All patients with BP-ONJ due to dental implants from 06/2008 – 12/2011 were analyzed. 8 patients with BP-ONJ in the maxilla, 9 patients with BP-ONJ in the mandible, 2 patients with BP-ONJ in mandible and maxilla
370 patients over 50 years old with 818 implants. 233 patients could not be reached so that the phone interview was conducted with remaining 137 patients: 55 BP patients and 82 non-BP patients
Osteoporosis
A & n.s.
<3 - > 5
0
121
-
55
-
All patients from 11/2006 – 05/2009 that had not denied access to data for research purposes. None of the BP patients had a drug holiday. 121 implants were inserted, one did not survive.
The patients were not examined only a phone interview was conducted.
The control group consisted of 82 non-BP users with 166 implants (163 survived, 2 losses in 1 patient). 233 patients could not be reached by phone and were excluded.
27 patients with established ONJ due to dental implants
Osteoporosis 11
multiple myeloma 7
breast cancer 7
prostate cancer 2
A P Z
average BP duration
A 5.7
Z 1.4
P 4.2
27
n.s.
2
25
-
All patients from 04/2003 – 01/2009 with BP-ONJ and dental implants. 15 patients had implants in the posterior mandible, 5 in the anterior mandible, 4 in the posterior maxilla, 3 in the anterior maxilla
Questionnaire to 46 dentists placing either > 50 implants/y or treat BP-ONJ in South Australia
Osteoporosis in the 7 patients with implant loss
A R in the 7 patients with implant loss
7
≥9
4
3
-
46 dentists placed approximately 28,000 implants in 16,000 patients. There is no number given how many patients received BP. 7 implants were lost in patients with BP
Questionnaire to 13,496 patients with oral BP therapy, 8,572 answered, 2,159 reported dental symptoms, 1005 were examined, 9 BP-ONJ
n.s.
A I R
≥1
1
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
13,946 questionnaires were sent, 5,374 did not participate, 9 ONJ were identified and 1 was associated with an implant loss and a tooth extraction. The bisphosphonates had been administered before implant insertion
42 patients with BP therapy and oral bone grafting or implant placement
n.s.
A R I
0
100 or 101 both numbers are given in the paper
-
42
-
All patients from ??/1990 - ??/???? (paper published in 2008) with BP treatment prior to implant therapy were analyzed. 5 implants failed, no patient with more the 1 implant loss, all implants successfully replaced.
30 patients received an additional bone augmentation (socket graft, sinus lift, closed sinus lift, guided tissue regeneration, or tunnel graft).
24 out of 80 BP-ONJ patients denture as triggering factor diseases and BP for the patients with dentures n.s. I P Z were used as BP in the BP-ONJ patients.
34 patients with osteonecrosis. A I P R Z were used as BP it is not clear what the patients with the dentures received and which primary disease was present.
Consistent findings of regional or diffuse osteosclerosis, density confluence of cortical and cancellous bone, prominence of the inferior alveolar nerve canal, thickened sclerotic lamina dura, periradicular radiolucencies, cortical disruption, and persisting alveolar sockets.
The authors state the necessity for an individual risk assessment. The evaluation of dentures vs. implants. It is suggested to not place immediate implants in patients with antiresorptive therapy, atraumatic surgery with perioperative antibiotics, the necessity of a recall and the avoidance of bone augmentations
Analysis of patients with denosumab associated ONJ
No implant related ONJ reported
A: Alendronate; CCS: Case control study, CS: Case series; CSS: Cross sectional study; D: Denosumab; I: Ibandronate; LSBCD: Longitudinal single-blind controlled study; n.s.: Not specified; P: Pamidronate; PS: Prospective Study; R: Risedronate; RS: Retrospective study, Z: Zoledronate
In the BP-ONJ case series (a) and (b), the distribution of BP-ONJ patients between malignant and benign diseases is more or less even, e.g. Holzinger describes 13 patients: 5 osteoporosis, 3 breast cancer, 3 multiple myeloma, 1 lung cancer and 1 Langerhans cell histiocytosis patient [9]. Lopez-Cedrun exclusively found patients with benign diseases: 8 osteoporosis and 1 polymyalgia rheumatic. Jacobsen found 14 patients: 5 osteoporosis, 5 breast cancer, 2 multiple myeloma, 1 prostate and 1 lung cancer patient.
However, implant studies (c) were exclusively performed in patients with benign diseases. Nearly all of these studies do not report a single BP-ONJ triggered by the implant insertion.
A systematic review analyzing the sparse literature on clinical denosumab trials mentioning osteonecroses did not describe dental implants as a trigger [32].
There is no literature describing periimplantitis in these patients.
Denture
The literature dealing with this topic can be separated into two groups:
a.
BP-ONJ case series for which varying amounts are caused by dentures in patients with malignant and benign diseases [2, 33–42] and
b.
studies performed on BP patients with dentures analyzing the frequency of BP-ONJ [15, 43].
Here as well, no imbalance regarding the dignity of the primary disease could be found. Jabbour describes 2 osteoporosis, 1 kidney and 1 breast cancer patient [35]. Kumar found 4 osteoporosis patients, 1 breast cancer patient and 1 patient with multiple myeloma.
Nibbe [15] analyzed 128 patients with IV BP or denosumab separated into 3 groups. In the first group 5 out of 60 patients with no denture had an osteonecrosis (8%), in the 2nd group 5 out of 34 patients with a fixed partial denture had an osteonecrosis 15%, and in the 3rd group 11 out of 34 patients with a removable denture had an osteonecrosis (32%). Kyrgidis determined that dentures increase the risk of BP-ONJ development [38].
There was no literature available meeting the inclusion criteria. There is evidence in the literature that sinus lifts can be successful [28] and might contribute to BP-ONJ development [18].
Outcome masticatory efficiency/TMJ disorder
There was no literature available meeting the inclusion criteria.
Outcome quality of life (QoL)
There is nearly no literature available on the change of the quality of life due to implants in patients with antiresorptive therapy. One article could be identified [44] that analyzed the quality of life in partially edentulous osteoporosis patients that were restored with (1) a dental implant-supported prosthesis, (2) a non-implant-supported fixed restoration, (3) a non-implant-supported removable restauration, and (4) no restoration that showed a statistically significant difference regarding the improvement of the QoL in patients with a dental implant-supported prosthesis compared to the other sub-groups. Out of the 237 patients, 134 patients had an oral BP and 51 patients an IV BP therapy [44].
Outcome remaining dentition
No articles could be found regarding the prognosis of the remaining dentition depending on implant therapy, neither for patients with bisphosphonate nor denosumab treatment.
Outcome future implants
There are no reliable parameters indicating the success of implants in patients with anti-resorptive therapy. The risk of osteonecrosis development has already been described in the chapter referring to the osteonecrosis risk. Two articles mentioned the radiologic finding of a persisting alveolar socket as a marker indicating the osteonecrosis risk [45, 46]. In addition, other radiologic changes in patients with bisphosphonates have been described, such as regional or diffuse osteosclerosis, confluence of cortical and cancellous bone, prominence of the canal of the inferior alveolar nerve, a prominent lamina dura, radiolucences around the apex and cortical disruptions [46]. Their existence reflects the changes in the bone remodeling due to the anti-resorptive therapy and might be associated with a higher osteonecrosis risk, but there is no evidence supporting this theory.
Discussion
Even latest guidelines and statements dealing with medication associated osteonecrosis of the jaws such as the American [7, 8], Scottish [47], Swiss [6] or German [1] do not address implant therapy in these patients in detail. Due to this lack of data a systematic literature review was performed to fill this gap. Unfortunately the literature dealing with this topic is very sparse and consists mainly of case reports, case series, and a few retrospective studies. Regarding the topics augmentation, masticatory efficiency, TMJ and the impact on the remaining dentition no literature met the inclusion criteria or no literature was available at all.
Surgical procedures such as implant insertion and potential complications such as periimplantitis are associated with an inflammatory condition and can potentially trigger a BP-ONJ. The risk of developing BP-ONJ is higher the more potent the BP are and the longer they were administered [1]. There is lots of literature supporting dental implant therapy in patients with antiresorptive medication in benign primary diseases, with only a few patients developing BP-ONJ (Table. 2). In contrast, the literature regarding successful implant therapy in malignoma patients is very sparse. The majority of publications on malignoma patients describes scenarios with BP-ONJ development (Table 2).
In many cases a denture would be the alternative treatment option to dental implants but many BP-ONJ cases in patients with benign and malignant diseases are caused by denture pressure sores (Table 2), so when deciding whether a patient is eligible for implant therapy, this fact should be considered as well. The consideration needs to take into account how much the patient might benefit from the implant itself, the risk of causing an osteonecrosis due to the procedure and the likelihood of preventing an osteonecrosis by avoiding dentures and denture pressure sores.
In the consideration of a potential implant insertion the need for a bone augmentation or a sinus lift needs to be considered as well. Although there are only very few cases in the literature with augmentation of bone/sinus lift [18, 28], these procedures are linked to a functioning vascular recipient site with working osteoclastic resorption and osteoblastic bone formation, and this is compromised in patients with antiresorptive therapy. Due to the denudation of the bone at the recipient site the vascular situation might be even more compromised, possibly resulting in more BP-ONJ cases so that any kind of augmentation should be considered with extreme care.
Dental implants can improve the Qol in patients with antiresorptive therapy (bisphosphonate/denosumab) [44] analogous to patients without antiresorptive therapy [48]. A recently performed systematic review on masticatory performance, bite force, nutritional state and patient’s satisfaction showed that implant-supported dentures were associated with high patient satisfaction regarding denture comfort and bite force. But interestingly these outcomes were not always related with an increase in general QoL [49]. There is no reason, why this should be any different in patients with antiresorptive therapy in the event of implant success. On the other hand the occurrence of BP-ONJ has a huge impact on the QoL of affected patients since the patients report higher negative affection by pain, problems swallowing and social eating even compared to patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [50]. Therefore prevention of BP-ONJ should be one of the primary aims.
The risk of triggering a BP-ONJ by implant therapy in patients with benign diseases seems to be rather small. The risk in patients with malignant diseases is hard to describe since mostly negative examples are published but not the total number of patients receiving implant therapy. The distribution clearly illustrates the necessity for an individual risk assessment as it is recommended by most guidelines and the importance of explaining the possibility of BP-ONJ development to the patient. The individual risk is influenced by the primary disease and its treatment, such as the antiresorptive medication (substance, duration of application, frequency of application), concomitant therapy, further diseases (e.g. diabetes), further treatments (e.g. head and neck radiation), further factors (e.g. smoking) and existence of former osteonecrosis/present osteonecrosis. Next to this, the patients need to be compliant with an appropriate motivation for oral hygiene and the necessary skills to transfer this. Infectious foci should be treated before implant therapy to further reduce the risk of osteonecrosis development. The surgical sites should be followed up clinically (persisting sharp bone edges without any tendency to remodel) and radiologically (e.g. persisting alveolar sockets) to identify a compromised wound healing that might be associated with a higher BP-ONJ risk.
The use of bone markers is discussed controversially in the literature, and no clear recommendation can be given at the moment [1, 8]. In these cases, where an implant is planned, a perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis should be administered, similar to the prophylaxis suggested in other surgical procedures performed in these patients, since this seems to be a tool to decrease BP-ONJ frequency [1, 51]. There is no literature on patients with antiresorptive medications other than bisphosphonates, and so the recommendation is to proceed with these patients similarly to patients on bisphosphonates.
Unfortunately literature with high evidence is rare. Dental implants are possible in patients with antiresorptive therapy but an individual risk assessment should be performed and alternative treatment options should be considered keeping the scenario of BP-ONJ development in mind. Implant survival and success rate alone are not sufficient to evaluate the implant supported rehabilitations in patients with bisphosphonates. Even more important is the risk of triggering an osteonecrosis in relation to the possible gain of QoL by an implant supported therapy.
Conclusions
Successful implant therapy is feasible in patients receiving antiresorptive therapy. The risk of osteonecrosis development needs to be explained to the patient. An individual risk assessment is essential, taking the primary disease with the medication and further wound-healing-compromising diseases and medications into account. If possible, bone augmentations should be avoided, and a perioperative antimicrobiological prophylaxis is strongly recommended in these patients.
Abbreviations
BP:
bisphosphonate
BP-ONJ:
bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws
CTX:
C-terminal telopeptide of the type I collagen
PICO:
patients intervention control outcome
PRISMA-P:
preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses protocols
QoL:
quality of life
ST:
search term
TMJ:
temporomandibular joint
Declarations
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery – Plastic Surgery of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
(2)
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Dr. Horst Schmidt Clinic
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