Table 3 Deviation of the actual and planned implant position (mean and standard deviation (SD), and 95%-confidence interval (CI)) for implant surgery using an implant positional guide in comparison to freehand implant

Freehand

Mean

1.07

1.44

4.31

1.18

(SD)

(0.44)

(0.63)

(3.37)

(0.77)

{95%-CI}

{0.89–1.26}

{1.18–1.71}

{2.89–5.73}

{0.85–1.50}

Tests of normality

p = 0.197 (normal distribution)

p = 0.083 (normal distribution)

p = 0.029 (does not follow a normal distribution)

p = 0.196 (normal distribution)

Implant positional guide

Mean

0.48

0.97

2.36

0.60

(SD)

(0.26)

(0.39)

(1.70)

(0.52)

{95%-CI}

{0.38–0.59}

{0.80–1.13}

{1.64–3.08}

{0.42–0.79}

Tests of normality

p = 0.330 (normal distribution)

p = 0.135 (normal distribution)

p = 0.099 (normal distribution)

p = 0.014 (does not follow a normal distribution)

Test of homogeneity of variances

p = 0.007 (unequal variances)

p = 0.131 (equal variances)

p = 0.008 (unequal variances)

p = 0.065 (unequal variances)

Mann–Whitney U test

p < 0.0001

p = 0.0007

p = 0.031

p = 0.005