Table 2 Influencing factors of the included studies
Study | Group | Sample number | Leakage number | Load or unload | Type of implant connection | Final torque | Abutment material | Sealing agent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Zipprich et al. 2016 | 1 | 35 | 1 | Dynamic loading | Conical | According to manufacturers’ recommendation | Titanium | – |
2 | 35 | 6 | Dynamic loading | Flat (internal) | According to manufacturers’ recommendation | Titanium | – | |
2. Koutouzis et al. 2016 | 1 | 20 | 10 | Dynamic loading | Morse taper with conventional marginal design | 25 Ncm | Titanium | – |
2 | 20 | 8 | Dynamic loading | Morse taper with sloped marginal design | 25 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
3. Koutouzis et al. 2014 | 1 | 20 | 1 | Unloaded | Morse taper | 25 Ncm | Titanium | – |
2 | 20 | 4 | Dynamic loading | Morse taper | 25 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
4. Koutouzis et al. 2011 | 1 | 14 | 1 | Dynamic loading | Morse taper | 25 Ncm | Titanium | – |
2 | 14 | 12 | Dynamic loading | Four-groove conical internal connection | 35 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
5. Tripodi et al. 2015 | 1 | 10 | 2 | Dynamic loading | Cone Morse taper | 30 Ncm | Titanium | – |
2 | 10 | 2 | Unloaded | Cone Morse taper | 30 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
6. Ozdiler et al. 2018 | 1 | 28 | 19 | Dynamic loading | Internal conical connection | According to manufacturers’ recommendation | Titanium | – |
2 | 28 | 7 | Dynamic loading | Internal conical connection | According to manufacturers’ recommendation | Titanium | 2% chlorhexidine digluconate | |
3 | 28 | 7 | Dynamic loading | Internal conical connection | According to manufacturers’ recommendation | Titanium | Kiero seal (polyvinyl siloxane-based material) | |
7. do Nascimento et al. 2012 | 1 | 10 | 10 | Dynamic loading | External-hexagon | 20 Ncm | Titanium | – |
2 | 10 | 10 | Dynamic loading | Internal-hexagon | 20 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
3 | 10 | 9 | Dynamic loading | Morse cone | 20 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
4 | 10 | 3 | Unloaded | External-hexagon | 20 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
5 | 10 | 4 | Unloaded | Internal-hexagon | 20 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
6 | 10 | 1 | Unloaded | Morse cone | 20 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
8. Wachtel et al. 2019 | – | 10 | 0 | Dynamic loading | Conical connection | 15 Ncm | PEEK | – |
9. Ortega-Martínez et al. 2022 | 1 | 12 | 7 | Unloaded | Internal hexagonal connection | 25Ncm | PEEK | – |
2 | 12 | 12 | Dynamic loading | Internal hexagonal connection | 25 Ncm | PEEK | – | |
3 | 12 | 0 | Unloaded | Internal hexagonal connection | 25 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
4 | 12 | 2 | Dynamic loading | Internal hexagonal connection | 25 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
10. He et al. 2019 | 1 | 10 | 10 | Dynamic loading | Conical connection (11° taper) | 20 Ncm | Titanium | – |
2 | 10 | 10 | Dynamic loading | External hexagonal connection (flat-to-flat) | 20 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
11. Amjadi et al. 2021 | 1 | 10 | 1 | Unloaded | Internal connection (slip joint interface) | 35 Ncm | Titanium | – |
2 | 10 | 5 | Dynamic loading | Internal connection (slip joint interface) | 35 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
12. Pautke et al. 2009 | 1 | 30 | 7 | Dynamic loading | Internal | Unclear | Titanium | – |
2 | 30 | 1 | Dynamic loading | Internal | Unclear | Titanium | – | |
13. Li et al. 2019 | 1 | 10 | 10 | Dynamic loading | Morse 6° | 35 Ncm | Titanium | – |
2 | 10 | 10 | Dynamic loading | 15° conical | 35 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
3 | 10 | 10 | Dynamic loading | Morse 5.75° | 20 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
14. Alves et al. 2016 | 1 | 12 | 1 | Unloaded | Conical screwless connection (Morse taper) | – | Titanium | – |
2 | 12 | 3 | Dynamic loading | Conical screwless connection (Morse taper) | – | Titanium | – | |
3 | 12 | 7 | Unloaded | Tapered screw-retained connection | 20 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
4 | 12 | 5 | Dynamic loading | Tapered screw-retained connection | 20 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
15. Scarano et al. 2015 | 1 | 30 | 10 | Dynamic loading | external hexagonal connection | Unclear | Titanium | – |
2 | 30 | 1 | Dynamic loading | Cone Morse taper | – | Titanium | – | |
16. Larrucea Verdugo et al. 2014 | 1 | 21 | 18 | Dynamic loading | Morse taper | Manual, 20 Ncm, 30 Ncm | Titanium | – |
2 | 21 | 21 | Dynamic loading | External connection | Manual, 20 Ncm, 30 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
17. Ellakany et al. 2021 | 1 | 12 | 0 | Unloaded | Morse taper | 15 Ncm | Titanium | – |
2 | 12 | 0 | Thermocycling | Morse taper | 15 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
3 | 12 | 12 | Dynamic loading | Morse taper | 15 Ncm | Titanium | – | |
4 | 12 | 12 | Dynamic loading Thermocycling | Morse taper | 15 Ncm | Titanium | – |