Table 2 Exclusion criteria

• Patients with conditions considered absolute contraindications for oral implant treatment based on the criteria established by Debby Hwang et al. [28]

• Patients with uncontrolled local inflammation in the extracted or adjacent teeth, including uncontrolled periodontitis (periodontal probing depth > 4 mm) and acute periapical periodontitis

• Patients with uncontrolled diabetes, where fasting blood glucose is still ≥ 8.8 mmol/L despite drug use

• Patients with severe uncontrolled hypertension (blood pressure > 180/100 mmHg)

• Obese patients with a body mass index (BMI) > 28 kg/m²

• Patients who have continuously used antibiotics or chronic anti-inflammatory therapy (≥ three times per week) within the first four weeks after surgery

• Patients who smoke or use tobacco equivalent/chewing tobacco more than ten cigarettes daily

• Patients who have an allergy to the investigational product

• Female patients who are pregnant or nursing or refuse to take any contraception

• Patients whose compliance could be improved by the investigator

• Patients who have participated in or are participating in clinical trials of other medical devices or drugs within the 30 days before Day 0