Table 2 Studies of in vivo force measurements using a piezoelectric transducer-based device
From: In vivo measurement of three-dimensional load exerted on dental implants: a literature review
Author | Number of participants/implants | Device | Implant position | Prosthesis | Function | Load magnitude (values) | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mericske-Stern et al. [28] | 5/10 | Kistler Piezo-Instrumentation, Winterthur, Switzerland | Mandible | Removable full denture | Maximum occlusal force, chewing, light tapping, grinding | Maximal Occlusal Force: z-axis 18 to 240N; y-axis 8 to 50N; x-axis 8 to 110N Chewing Test Food: z-axis 1.5 to 260N; y-axis 1.5 to 66N; x-axis 5 to 62N Light Tapping and Grinding: z-axis 1 to 99N; y-axis 1 to 50N; x-axis 1 to 28N | The maximum occlusal force is lower than that of natural teeth The chewing force consists of a vertical force and a smaller lateral force |
Mericske-Stern et al. [29] | 5/10 | Kistler Piezo-Instrumentation, Winterthur, Switzerland | Mandible | Removable full denture | Maximum biting force in centric, parafunction, chewing | Not described (shown in charts) | Distal bar extension reduces the load-sharing effect of bars |
Mericske-Stern et al. [30] | 5/10 | Type Z15657, Kistler Instruments AG, Winterthur, Switzerland | Mandible | Removable full denture | Maximum biting force in centric, biting on a bite plate, grinding, chewing | Not described (shown in charts) 0–150N in the z-axis | The use of retentive ball anchorage reduces the force distributed to the implants Chewing function resulted in a more pronounced transverse force component, particularly in the anterior direction, which exceeded the vertical force magnitudes (in the ball attachment) |
Mericske-Stern et al. [31] | 5/10 | Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterthur, Switzerland | Maxilla | Removable full denture | Maximum biting force, biting on a bite plate, chewing | not described (shown in charts) | Load sharing of overdenture and fixed complete denture is not significantly different |
Yoda et al. [33] Shigemitsu et al. [34] | 1/2 | Type Z18400, Kistler Instrument, Winterthur, Switzerland | Mandible (45,46) | Fixed partial denture | MVC, biting paraffin wax | Results of MVC Splinted model 45: 100.1N 46: 111.4N Non-Splinted model 45: 34.5N 46: 176.9N | The load on the implants was more distributed in the case of splinted superstructure |
Shigemitsu et al. [35], Sato et al. [36] | 1/2 | Type Z18400, Kistler Instrument, Winterthur, Switzerland | Mandible | Removable full denture (2 or 4 implant-supported) | MVC | 4 implant-supported overdenture Implant 1: 44.0 (right side) Implant 2: 41.5 Implant 3: 43.5 Implant 4: 63.8 (left side) | The total load in the 4IOD was larger than that of the 2IOD The load on each implant in the 2IOD was larger than that of the 4IOD |
Kobari et al. [37] | 1/3 | Type Z18400, Kistler Instrument, Winterthur, Switzerland | Mandibular molar and premolar | Three-unit fixed partial prostheses | Gum chewing (10 chewing cycles) | Load magnitudes (35, 36, and 37) (Newtons) MVC 3 implant-supported: (59.0, 70.7, and 61.8), Bridge: (114.4, NA, and 71.4), Distal cantilever type: (74.4, 111.8, and NA), Mesial cantilever type: (NA, 216.5, and 37.7) Gum chewing (10 cycles) 3 implant-supported: (79.2, 88.1, and 124.0), Bridge: (138.8, NA, and 172.3), Distal cantilever type: (33.9, 318.9, and NA), Mesial cantilever type: (NA, 277.6, and 66.5) | The load on implants in 3-implant supported and bridge cases was more distributed than that in cantilevered bridge cases The load direction changed dynamically when chewing |
Yoda et al. [38] Zhang et al. [39] | 2/2 | Type Z18400, Kistler Instrument, Winterthur, Switzerland | Mandibular molar and premolar | Single crown | MVC, Gum chewing, Peanut chewing | MVC results patient 1: 38.50 ± 3.91N/patient 2: 115.94 ± 6.02N Peanut chewing: patient 1: 83.78 ± 24.5N/patient 2: 101.38 ± 14.02N Gun chewing: patient 1: 45.90 ± 8.17N/patient 2: 71.99 ± 9.69N | The load magnitude during MVC is lower than that during chewing The load magnitude is affected by food texture |
Bing et al. [40] | 1/1 | Type Z18400, Kistler Instrument, Winterthur, Switzerland | Mandibular molar and premolar | Single crown | MVC, tapping, grinding | MVC: 177.6N Grinding: 46.5N Tapping: 32.4N | The functional load affects the stress distribution in the implant Stress in the implant increases with an increase in bone resorption |