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International Journal of Implant Dentistry
Fig. 1 | International Journal of Implant Dentistry

Fig. 1

From: Diagnostic tests for titanium hypersensitivity in implant dentistry: a systematic review of the literature

Fig. 1

Disruption of the immunological equilibrium and hypothesized immunological cascade of titanium hypersensitivity. Titanium particles trigger a cascade of inflammatory reactions. Macrophages are activated and recruited. Lymphocytes enhance macrophage adhesion and fusion on material surfaces. Macrophages activate osteoclasts and fuse into FBGC leading to bone resorption and secondary bacterial invasion. L lymphocyte, B bacteria, Ma macrophage, Oc osteoclasts, FBGC Foreign Body Giant Cell

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