Table 5 Cochrane risk of bias (Robins-I) tool for non-randomised studies
Year | First author | Study design | Confounding | Selection of participants | Classification of interventions | Deviation from interventions | Missing data | Measurement of outcomes | Selection of results | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | De Bruyn [10] | Prospective | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
2003 | Engstrand [11] | Prospective | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
2003 | Henry [12] | Prospective | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
2004 | Van Steenberghe [13] | Prospective | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
2009 | Gualini [14] | Retrospective | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
2011 | Hatano [16] | Retrospective | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
2012 | Olivia [17] | Retrospective | Moderate | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Serious |
2012 | Rivaldo [18] | Prospective | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
2018 | Beresford [19] | Prospective | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
2018 | Primo [21] | Prospective | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
2019 | Menini [22] | Case series | Moderate | Serious | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Serious |
2019 | Mezzari [23] | Retrospective | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
2020 | Anya [24] | Retrospective | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
2020 | Higuchi [25] | Prospective | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate |