Table.1 Treatment outcomes of IARPD reported by the included studies

Bellia E, et al.

2020

Prospective

4 years

Total: 20

U: –, L: –

U: 7, L: 28

I&II

Locator

94.3%

Threeburuth W, et al.

2018

RCT

12 months

L: 30

L: 60

I

Equator on mini implant

93.3%

Jensen C, et al.

2017

RCT

3 months

L: 30

L: 120

I

Locator

100%

Jensen C, et al.

2017

Retrospective

3–16 years

Mean: 8 years

L: 23

L: 46

I

Ball

91.7%

Payne AG, et al.

2017

Prospective

3 and 10 years

L: 36

L: 72

I

Ball

Survival after 3 years: 100%

Survival after 10 years: 92%

Ortiz-Puigpelat O, et al.

2014

Case report

Mean: 28.6 months

U: 6, L: 6

U: 12, L: 12

I&II

Locator

91.6%

Grageda E, et al.

2014

Case report

3 years

L: 1

L: 2

I

ERA

100%

Gates WD 3^rd, et al.

2014

Prospective

6 and 12 weeks

L: 17

L: 30

I&II

Ball with Clix

96.7%

Turkyilmaz I

2009

Case Report

18 months

L: 1

L: 2

II

Locator

100%

Mitrani R, et al.

2003

Retrospective

1 to 4.5 years

Mean: 2.52 years

U: 4, L: 6

U: 5, L: 6

I&II

Healing abutment, resilient attachment

100%

Bellia E, et al.

2020

Prospective

4 years

Total: 20

U: –, L: –

U: 7, L: 28

I&II

Locator

1.04 ± 1.88 mm

Threeburuth W, et al.

2018

RCT

12 months

L: 30

L: 60

I

Equator on mini implant

Mini implant: 0.47 ± 0.42 mm, Conventional implant: 1.03 ± 1.07 mm

Mini vs. conventional implant*

Jensen C, et al.

2017

RCT

3 months

L: 30

L: 120

I

Locator

Molar (M) Implant: 1.10 ± 0.53, Premolar (PM) Implant: 1.06 ± 0.59

M vs. PM⁽⁻⁾

Jensen C, et al.

2017

Retrospective

3–16 years

Mean: 8 years

L: 23

L: 46

I

Ball

Mean: 0.9 ± 1.0 mm; Anterior: 1.0 ± 1.1 mm; Posterior: 0.8 ± 1.0 mm

Anterior vs. posterior ⁽⁻⁾

Payne AG, et al.

2017

Prospective

3 and 10 years

L: 36

L: 72

I

Ball

2.20 ± 0.81 mm

Turkyilmaz I

2009

Case report

18 months

L: 1

L: 2

II

Locator

0.3 ± 0.1 mm

Mitrani R, et al.

2003

Retrospective

1–4.5 years

Mean: 2.52 years

U: 4, L: 6

U: 5, L: 11

I&II

Healing abutment,

Resilient attachment

Mesial (total: 0.61 ± 0.62):

Healing abutment (0.32 ± 0.47) vs. Resilient attachment (0.93 ± 0.64) ⁽⁻⁾

Distal (total: 0.64 ± 0.45):

Healing abutment (0.44 ± 0.45) vs. Resilient attachment (0.88 ± 0.34) ⁽⁻⁾

Suzuki Y, et al.

2017

Randomized crossover

2–3 weeks

L: 10

L: 20

I

Stress Breaking Ball (SBB)

CRPD: around 4 mm², Healing abutment: around 7.8 mm²,

SBB: around 7.8 mm²

CRPD vs. healing abutment & SBB*

Ohkubo C, et al.

2008

Single-blinded randomized crossover

2–3 weeks

L: 5

L: 10

I

Healing abutment

ISRPD on RPD area: around 6 mm², CRPD on RPD area: around 3 mm², ISRPD on full dental arch: 10 mm², CRPD on full dental arch: 8 mm²

ISRPD vs. CRPD*

Suzuki Y, et al.

2017

Randomized crossover

2–3 weeks

L: 10

L: 20

I

Stress Breaking Ball (SBB)

Conventional RPD: around 200 N, Healing abutment: around 400 N

SBB: 400 N

CRPD vs. healing abutment & SBB*

Ohkubo C, et al.

2008

Crossover

2–3 weeks

L: 5

L: 10

I

Healing abutment

ISRPD on RPD area: around 300 N, CRPD on RPD area: around 50 N

ISRPD on full dental arch: around 550 N, CRPD on full dental arch: around 400 N

ISRPD vs. CRPD* (ISRPD had significant greater force)

Threeburuth W, et al.

2018

RCT

12 months

L: 30

L: 60

I

Equator on mini implant

Comfort, Retention, Chewing performance

Before vs. after treatment*; mini-implant vs. conventional implant⁽⁻⁾

Jensen C, et al.

2016

RCT

3 and 6 months

L: 30

L: 120

I

Locator

OHIP/total (Max score: 196): Old RPD = 49.6, New RPD = 40.3, ISRPD(M) 17.6, ISRPD(PM) = 21.2

ISRPD vs. RPD*

Campos CH, et al.

2015

Prospective

2 months

L: 12

L: 24

I

Ball

QoL assessment using OHIP indicators & other indicators, such as chewing difficulty, pronunciation, appearance, self-consciousness

ISRPD with Ball abutment vs. CRPD*

Ortiz-Puigpelat O, et al.

2014

Case Report

Mean: 28.6 months

U; 6, L: 6

U: 12, L: 12

I&II

Locator

VAS Score Before = 1.19 ± 0.64, After = 4.55 ± 0.35

IARPD vs. RPD*

Goncalves TM, et al.

2014

Prospective

2 months

Total: 12

U: -, L: -

Total: 24

U: -, L: -

I

Ball

VAS Score on retention, comfort, masticatory capacity, speaking ability

ISRPD vs. CRPD*

Wismeijer D, et al.

2013

Prospective

3 years

L; 48

L: 72

I

Ball

OHIP, OHIQ, VAS

IARPD vs. CRPD*

Ohkubo C, et al.

2008

Crossover

2–3 weeks

L: 5

L: 10

I

Healing abutment

VAS Score on stability, chewing, retention, and comfort

ISRPD vs. CRPD*

Mitrani R, et al..

2003

Retrospective

1–4.5 years

Mean: 2.52 years

U: 4, L: 6

U: 5, L: 11

I&II

Healing abutment,

Resilient attachment

Questionnaire (1–5 scale, 1 was least favorable): before (1.2), after (5.0)

Before vs. after IARPD Treatment*

Jensen C, et al.

2017

Retrospective

3–16 years

Mean: 8 years

L: 23

L: 46

I

Ball

No complications: 4 Anterior(A), 11 Posterior(P) = 15 (65.21%)

Minor repair: 2 (1A, 1P) (8.68%), Replaced: 3 (2A, 1P) (13%), Not in function: 1 (A) (4.34%)

Reverted into a full arch denture: 2 (P) (8.68%)

Anterior vs. Posterior* (anterior implant had significantly higher complications)

Ortiz-Puigpelat O, et al.

2014

Case Report

Mean: 28.6 months

U; 6, L: 6

U: 12, L: 12

I&II

Locator

Attachment (Locator) loosening: 0 (0%), Retentive cap mobility: 6 (50%)

Plastic retentive male change: all patients at 12th-month visit (100%)

Denture teeth wear: 7 (1 requires change) (58.33%), Metal framework: 1 broken after 15 months (8.33%)

Gates WD 3^rd, et al.

2014

Prospective

6 and 12 weeks

L: 17

L: 30

I&II

Ball with Clix

Clasp adjustments: 5 (29.41%), Denture base relining: 2 (11.76%), Fracture on denture tooth: 2 (11.76%), Abutment loosening: 1 (5.88%), Attachments replacement: 1 (5.88%), RPD reprocessing: 1 (5.88%)

Bellia E, et al.

2020

Prospective

4 years

Total: 20

U: –, L: –

U: 7, L: 28

I&II

Locator

BOP rate at 1 year: 20%, BOP rate at 4 years: 36.36%

Jensen C, et al.

2017

RCT

3 months

L: 30

L: 120

I

Locator

Molar support: 0.26 ± 0.29, Premolar support: 0.11 ± 0.11

Molar vs. Premolar*

Jensen C, et al.

2017

Retrospective

3–16 years

Mean: 8 years

L: 23

L: 46

I

Ball

Anterior: 0.5(0.6), Posterior: 0.8(0.6)

Anterior vs. Posterior⁽⁻⁾

Bellia E, et al.

2020

Prospective

4 years

Total: 20

U: –, L: –

U: 7, L: 28

I&II

Locator

Mobility rate on 1 year: 0%, Mobility rate on 4 years: 3.03%

Goncalves TM, et al.

2014

Prospective

2 months

L: 12

L: 25

I

Ball

VAS Score

RPD vs. IRPD & IFPD*

Jensen C, et al.

2017

Retrospective

3–16 years

Mean: 8 years

L: 23

L: 46

I

Ball

Gingiva Index: Anterior: 0.1 ± 0.3, Posterior: 1.1 ± 0.7, Anterior vs. Posterior*

Probing depth: Anterior: 3.3(1.4); Posterior: 3.3(1.2), Anterior vs. Posterior⁽⁻⁾

Jensen C, et al.

2017

Retrospective

3–16 years

Mean: 8 years

L: 23

L: 46

I

Ball

Plaque Index (total: 0.9 ± 0.7): Anterior: 0.6 ± 0.7; Posterior: 1.1 ± 0.7

Anterior vs. Posterior*

Goncalves TM, et al.

2013

Clinical trial

2 months

L: 12

L: 48

I

Ball

RDP: 178.1 ± 36.4 N, IRDP: 318.4 ± 47.1 N, IFDP: 483.9 ± 50.5 N

RDP vs. IRDP* (140 N gain, 79%), RDP vs. IFDP* (306 N gain, 172%)

Goncalves TM, et al.

2013

Clinical trial

2 months

L: 12

L: 48

I

Ball

RDP: 19.9 ± 5.3%, IRDP: 38 ± 7.7%, IFDP: 61.6 ± 10.6%

RDP vs. IRDP* (91% increase), RDP vs. IFDP* (209% increase)

Campos CH, et al.

2014

Prospective

2 months

L: 8

L: 16

I

Ball

Masticatory cycles don’t differ significantly between prosthesis treatments

X50: CRPD = 3.64; IARPD = 2.92

IARPD vs. CRPD*

Campos CH, et al.

2014

Prospective

2 months

L: 8

L: 16

I

Ball

Parameters: Energy (kcal), Carbohydrate (g/day), Protein (g/day), Calcium (mg/day), Fiber (mg/day), Iron (mg/day)

ISRPD vs. IARPD*