Table 5 Dimensional bone alteration and bone regeneration outcomes in the evaluated studies

Castro et al. [41]

20

L-PRF

Spontaneous healing

CBCT (thickness buccal bone 1 mm below the crest) after 3 months

1.1 ± 0.3 mm

1.1 ± 0.4 mm

No

A-PRF+ 

0.9 ± 0.3 mm

No

CBCT (horizontal resorption 1 mm below the alveolar crest) after 3 months

Buccal: 1.6 ± 0.8 mm

Palatal: 0.6 ± 0.7 mm

Buccal: 1,7 ± 1.0 mm

Palatal: 0.5 ± 0.7 mm

No

Buccal: 1.6 ± 0.7 mm

Palatal: 0.7 ± 0.8 mm

No

CBCT (horizontal resorption 3 mm below the alveolar crest) after 3 months

Buccal: 1.5 ± 0.8 mm

Palatal: 0.4 ± 0.4 mm

Buccal: 1.4 ± 0.8 mm

Palatal: 0.3 ± 0.4 mm

No

Buccal: 1.2 ± 0.6 mm

Palatal: 0.4 ± 0.7 mm

No

CBCT (horizontal resorption 5 mm below the alveolar crest) after 3 months

Buccal: 1.0 ± 0.7 mm

Palatal: 0.2 ± 0.4 mm

Buccal: 1.0 ± 0.6 mm

Palatal: 0.1 ± 0.6 mm

No

Buccal: 0.8 ± 0.6 mm

Palatal: 0.3 ± 0.6 mm

No

CBCT (socket fill) after 3 months

85.2 ± 22.9%

67.9 ± 19.2%

Yes: p = 0.005

83.8 ± 18.4%

Yes: p = 0.01

Histomorphometry (percent of bone volume/ tissue volume)

47.7 ± 7.9%

34.7 ± 6.9%

Yes: p < 0.05

54.5 ± 5.6%

Yes: p < 0.05

Micro-CT (percent of bone volume/ tissue volume)

43.4 ± 8.7%

35.0 ± 8.2%

No: p = 0.09

50.7 ± 4.5%

Yes: p < 0.001

Sharma et al. [54]

30

PRF

Spontaneous healing

Digital panoramic radiographs (grayscale value) after 16 weeks

91.980

88.689

No: 0.668

Canellas et al. [47]

45

L-PRF

Spontaneous healing

CBCT (bone loss 1 mm below the alveolar crest) after 3 months

0.93 ± 0.9 mm

2.27 ± 1.2 mm

Yes

P < 0.0001

CBCT (bone loss 3 mm below the alveolar crest) after 3 months

0.85 ± 0.8 mm

1.67 ± 1.1 mm

Yes

p < 0.005

CBCT (bone loss at the buccal bone wall) after 3 months

0.70 ± 0.7 mm

1.39 ± 1.2 mm

Yes

P < 0.02

CBCT (horizontal bone loss at 5 mm below the crest) after 3 months

0.67 ± 0.5 mm

1.08 ± 1.0 mm

No

P = 0.094

CBCT (vertical bone loss at the palatal/ lingual wall) after 3 months

0.67 ± 0.9 mm

1.24 ± 1.15 mm

No

P = 0.064

CBCT (new bone formation) after 3 months

190.90 ± 169.90 mm³

44.87 ± 200.20 mm³

Yes

P = 0.009

Histomorphometry (percentage of new bone formation after 3 months)

55.96 ± 11.97%

39.69 ± 11.13%

Yes

p = 0.00001

Srinivas et al. [48]

30

PRF

Spontaneous healing

CBCT (bone density)

24 h: 319.79 ± 95.472

3 months: 564.76 ± 94.856

24 h: 194.82 ± 78.986

3 months: 295.87 ± 87.217

24 h: Yes

P < 0.001

3 moths: Yes

P < 0.001

CBCT (Bone hight)

24 h: 13.93 ± 3.56 mm

3 months: 12.28 ± 3.84 mm

24 h: 14.68 ± 4.32 mm

3 months: 12.78 ± 3.82 mm

24 h: No

P = 0.466

3 moths: No

P = 0.615

Ahmed et al. [53]

54

PRF

Spontaneous healing

Radiographic analysis (bone hight reduction, crest to tip of the root taking adjoining tooth as a guide) after 16 weeks

0.17 ± 0.44 mm

2.12 ± 0.69 mm

Yes

p < 0.001

Radiographic analysis (bone width reduction) after 16 weeks

0.47 ± 0.36 mm

1.71 ± 0.49 mm

Yes

p < 0.001

Radiographic analysis (bone density change using gray scale histogram) after 16 weeks

0.44 ± 1.21

1.45 ± 0.51

Yes

P = 0.006

Areewong et al. [55]

38

PRF

Spontaneous healing

Histomorphometric: new bone formation ratio after 8 weeks

31.33 ± 18%

26.33 ± 19.63%

No

P = 0.431

Zhang et al. [49]

28

PRF

Spontaneous healing

CBCT after 3 months (reduction of the buccal alveolar)

1.6000 ± 1.46416 mm

2.8000 ± 1.81487 mm

No

CBCT after 3 months (reduction of the height of the lingual/palatal alveolar crest)

1.0000 ± 0.70711 mm

2.0500 ± 1.29180 mm

No

CBCT after 3 months (reduction of the width of the alveolar crest)

1.0500 ± 0.77862 mm

2.0760 ± 1.67149 mm

No

Histomorphometric analysis after 3 months (osteoid) area/tissue area)

9.7624 ± 4.0121%

2.8056 ± 1.2094%

Yes

P < 0.01

Kumar et al. [43]

48

PRF

Spontaneous healing

Clinical measurement using measured using metal callipers (average loss of alveolar width) after 6 months

3 ± 0.8 mm

3.3 ± 0.61 mm

No

Clinical measurement using measured using metal callipers (average loss of alveolar height) after 6 months

3 ± 0.64 mm

3 ± 0.83 mm

No

Radiological measurement (degree of alveolar fill) after 6 months

73.76 ± 0.14%

74.3 ± 0.13%

No

Clark et al. [39]

45

Test 1: A-PRF

Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA

Control1: spontaneous healing

Control 2: FDBA

Clinical measurement using alginate impression and a periodontal probe (loss ridge height reduction) after 15 weeks

Test 1: A-PRF: 1.8 ± 2.1 mm

Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 1.0 ± 2.3 mm

Control 1: 3.8 ± 2.0 mm

Control 2: 2.2 ± 1.8 mm

Test 1 vs. control 1: Yes

P < 0.05

Test 2 vs. control 2: No

Clinical measurement using alginate impression and a metal callipers (Loss of ridge width (coronal)) after 15 weeks

Test 1: A-PRF: 2.8 ± 1.2 mm

Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 1.9 ± 1.1 mm

Control 1: 2.9 ± 1.7 mm

Control 2: 2.5 ± 1.1 mm

Test 1 vs. control 1: No

Test 2 vs. control 2: No

Clinical measurement using alginate impression and a metal callipers (Loss of ridge width (middle)) after 15 weeks

Test 1: A-PRF: 1.8 ± 1.8 mm

Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 1.7 ± 1.2 mm

Control 1: 1.8 ± 1.3 mm

Control 2: 1.5 ± 1.2 mm

Test 1 vs. control 1: No

Test 2 vs. control 2: No

Clinical measurement using alginate impression and a metal callipers (Loss of ridge width (apical)) after 15 weeks

Test 1: A-PRF: 1.8 ± 1.5 mm

Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 1.6 ± 1.5 mm

Control 1: 1.5 ± 1.6 mm

Control 2: 1.2 ± 1.3 mm

Test 1 vs. control 1: No

Test 2 vs. control 2: No

Micro-CT analysis of bone cores (bone mineral density) after 15 weeks

Test 1: A-PRF: 493 ± 70 mg/cm³

Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 521 ± 58 mg/cm³

Control 1:487 ± 64 mg/cm³

Control 2: 551 ± 58 mg/cm³

Test 1 vs. control 1: No

Test 2 vs. control 2: No

Histomorphometric analysis (percentage of vital bone) after 15 weeks

Test 1: A-PRF:46% ± 18%

Test 2: A-PRF + FDBA: 29% ± 14%

Not reported

Test 1 vs. control 1: No

Test 2 vs. control 2: No

Alzahrani et al. [44]

24

PRF

Spontaneous healing

Clinical Cast analysis (reduction of alveolar ridge width)

Week 1: 2.09 ± 0.84 mm

Week 4: 5.22 ± 0.80 mm

Week 8: 8.58 ± 1.73 mm

Week 1: 3.26 ± 2.21 mm

Week 4: 9.79 ± 6.02 mm

Week 8: 13.54 ± 6.57 mm

Week 1:No

P = 0.141

Week 4:Yes

P = 0.012

Week 8:Yes

P = 0.036

Radiolographic analysis (mean radiographic bone fill)

Week 1: 74.05 ± 1.66%

Week 4: 81.54 ± 3.33%

Week 8: 88.81 ± 1.53%

Week 1: 68.82 ± 1.07%

Week 4: 74.03 ± 1.22%

Week 8: 80.35 ± 2.61%

Week 1: Yes

P = 0.012

Week 4:Yes

P = 0.00

Week 8: Yes

P = 0.017

Temmerman et al. [50]

22

PRF

Spontaneous healing

CBCT after 3 months (Vertical resorption, lingual)

0.4 ± 1.1 mm

0.7 ± 0.8 mm

No

CBCT 3 months (Vertical resorption, buccal)

0.5 ± 2.3 mm

1.5 ± 1.3 mm

Yes

P = 0.0002)

CBCT 3 months (Horizontal width reduction 1 mm below the crest)

22.84 ± 24.28%

51.92 ± 40.31%

Yes

P = 0.0004

CBCT 3 months (Horizontal width reduction 3 mm below the crest)

6.16 ± 6.16%

14.51 ± 19.6%

Yes

p = 0.007

CBCT 3 months (Horizontal width reduction 5 mm below the crest)

2.91 ± 4.54%

4.4 ± 4.89%

Yes

P = 0.02

CBCT 3 months (socket fill)

8.1 ± 3.1 mm

94.7 ± 26.9%

6.2 ± 3.9 mm

63.3 ± 31.9%

Yes, P = 0.005

Yes, P = 0.0004

Suttapreyasri et al. [45]

8

PRF

Spontaneous healing

Clinical socket dimension measurements after 8 weeks (mesial-distal [M-D] and buccal-lingual [B-L]) were measured from the inner socket orifice at the midpoint of the extraction site, a UNC-15 periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL)

M-D: 1.76 ± 1.36 mm

B-L: 3.31 ± 0.09 mm

M-D 2.17 ± 1.65 mm

B-L: 3.92 ± 0.64 mm

M-D: no

B-L: no

Cast analysis buccal contour change after 8 weeks

Upper part: 1.96 ± 1.10 mm

Middle part: 1.79 ± 0.90 mm

Lower part: 0.5 ± 0.72 mm

Upper part: 2.59 ± 0.7 mm

Middle part: 1.61 ± 0.43 mm Lower part: 0.56 ± 0.38 mm

Upper part: no

Middle part: no

Lower part: no

Cast analysis lingual contour change after 8 weeks

Upper part:

1.59 ± 0.64 mm

Middle part:

0.42 ± 0.39 mm

Lower part:

1.78 ± 0.57 mm

Upper part:

1.03 ± 0.57 mm

Middle part:

1.78 ± 0.47 mm

Lower part:

0.39 ± 0.35 mm

Upper part: no

Middle part: no

Lower part: no

Radiographic Resorption of Marginal Bone Levels at Mesial of the Extraction Site after 8 weeks

2.22 ± 0.51 mm

2.86 ± 0.65 mm

No

Radiographic Resorption of Marginal Bone Levels at distal of the Extraction Site after 8 weeks

2.08 ± 0.09 mm

2.10 ± 0.50 mm

No

Hauser et al. [46]

23

PRF

Spontaneous healing

Clinical measurements of the alveolar crest

Width loss after 8 weeks

0.48%

3.68%

Yes

P < 0.05

Radiographical analysis of the vertical linear Measurements on Superimposable Radiographs after 8 weeks

Mesial: 1.21 ± 0.4 mm

Distal: 0.76 ± 0.25 mm

Mesial: 0.77 ± 0.17 mm

Distal: 2.07 ± 0.81 mm

Mesial: yes

Distal: no

Micro CT (bone volume/Tissue Volume) after 8 weeks

0.281 ± 0.037

0.249 ± 0.037

No

Thakkar et al. [52]

36 sites

demineralized freeze‑dried bone allograft (DFDBA) mixed with PRF, covered by a collagen membrane

Demineralized freeze‑dried bone allograft (DFDBA), covered by a collagen membrane

calibrated radiographs (Ridge width reduction from baseline to 180 days)

0.75 ± 0.49 mm

1.3611 ± 0.70 mm

Yes (p = 0.005)

Ridge height reduction (from baseline to 180 days)

1.38 ± 0.50 mm

1.08 ± 0.428 mm

No

Yewale et al. [51]

Sybograf plus (70% HA and 30% βTCP) mixed with A-PRF + , covered by a Collagen sponge (Collasponge ™)

Sybograf plus (70% HA and 30% βTCP), covered by a Collagen sponge (Collasponge ™)

CBCT after 6 months: horizontal width at 1 mm

2.123 ± 0.76 mm

1.83 ± 0.8 mm

No

CBCT after 6 months: horizontal width at 3 mm

1.689 ± 0.84 mm

0.596 ± 1.08 mm

Yes (p = 0.041)

CBCT after 6 months: horizontal width at 5 mm

0.97 ± 1.28 mm

0.59 ± 1.59 mm

No