Table 1 Study design

Castro et al. [41]

Split mouth RCT

21 (15 females, 6 males)

21

21

Not reported

Patients in need of at least three tooth extractions in the aesthetic zone were

Not reported

Tooth extractions were performed under local anesthesia and sterile conditions with a flapless approach

Premaxilla

3 months

Sharma et al. [54]

Split mouth RCT

30 (16 females and 14 males)

30

30

23.90

Patients requiring extraction of bilateral mandibular molars except third molars

Not reported

Extraction of the tooth on both case and control side was done as atraumatic as possible in the same appointment

Not reported

Not reported

Mourao et al. [56]

Parallel RCT

32 (19 females and 13 males)

16

16

37

Patients requiring posterior tooth extraction (third molar exception) in the mandible or maxilla region were included

Not reported

All teeth were extracted using a minimally traumatic procedure. No vertical releasing incisions were performed. To avoid root and bony fractures, the molar teeth were sectioned using a multilaminated drill. Luxation of the teeth was performed using a periotome followed by removal using forceps

Molars and premolars

Not reported

Canellas et al. [47]

Parallel RCT

48 (27 females, 21 males)

24

24

44.8

Patients in good general health requiring a single, non-molar tooth extraction

Presence of buccal and palatal/lingual bone walls

Teeth were extracted using small levers without any osteotomy or mucoperiosteal flap, to minimize trauma

Incisors, canines and premolars

3 months

Srinivas et al. [48]

CCT split moth

30 (not further specified)

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Healthy subjects with chronic periodontal conditions and who had teeth indicated for extractions

Not reported

Extraction of teeth was performed with emphasis on atraumatic extraction methods. A periosteal elevator was used to reflect the gingival tissues surrounding the tooth. Tooth was luxated from its socket using periotomes and/or luxators. Appropriate forceps were used depending on the availability of tooth structure to complete the extraction process in the maxilla or the mandible

Maxilla and mandible

Not reported

Ahmed et al. [53]

Parallel RCT

54 (22 females, 32 males)

Test 1:18, test 2: 18

18

Not reported

Patients requiring extractions of maxillary or mandibular teeth and who desire replacement of teeth by dental implants

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Areewong et al. [55]

Parallel RCT

36 (21 females and 15 males)

18

18

50.67

Healthy volunteers above 20 year of age, no systemic pathoses, that could disturb implant placement; Single rooted premolars and/or maxillary anterior teeth with an indication to extract and to be replaced with a dental implant

Intact surrounding alveolar bone (remaining bone at least two-third of root length)

A minimally traumatic extraction technique was performed. The periodontal ligaments were gently cut with a Piezotome. The tooth was carefully mobilized using forceps without flap reflection

Single rooted premolars and/or maxillary anterior teeth

2 months

Ustaoglu et al. [42]

Parallel RCT

57 (29 females and 28 males)

Test1:19

Test2: 19

19

Female: 35.9

Male:37.91

Patients in need of single-rooted tooth extraction with the persistence of 50% or more of bone support (anterior or premolar teeth); demanded a single implant-supported prosthetic restoration in a premolar or anterior site

Persistence of 50% or more of bone support

The tooth was extracted using a flapless technique with as little trauma to the bone and soft tissue

Single-rooted tooth

Not reported

Giudice et al. [40]

Split mouth RCT

40 (12 females and 28 males)

40

40

60.9

Patient taking long-term oral antiplatelets and requiring at least four extractions of non-adjacent teeth

Not specified

Teeth extractions were performed as atraumatically as possible attempting to preserve the alveolar bone. Molars were sectioned with drills in two or three parts. Extraction sockets were carefully cleaned from any remains of granulation tissue. Flapless extractions were attempted, but if necessary flaps were elevated at the discretion of the

Operator

All regions

Not reported

Zhang et al. [49]

Parallel CCT

28 (14 females and 14 males)

14

14

34.6

Patients with upper and lower mandibular molars diagnosed as fractured tooth or could not be retained for other reasons

Not reported

All patients were treated with the non‑flap minimally invasive extraction technology

Molars

3 months

Kumar et al. [43]

RCT Parallel/Split

48 (not further specified)

Not reported

Not reported

44.4

Patients requiring tooth extraction

Not reported

All teeth were extracted atraumatically using periotomes and luxators without raising mucoperiosteal flap

All regions

Not reported

Asmael et al. [58]

RCT split mouth

20 males

20

20

44.2

Smoker patient with multiple teeth extraction

Not reported

Extraction in atraumatic manner

All regions

Not reported

Clark et al. [39]

Parallel RCT

45 enrolled 40 analyzed (22 females and 18 males)

Test 1:10

Test2:10

Control1:10

Control2:10

58

Patients with single-rooted tooth requiring extraction and replacement with a dental implant supported restoration

Teeth were excluded if they demonstrated a buccal dehiscence of more than 25% of the length of the tooth or presence of acute infection of endodontic origin

Non-traumatic tooth extraction was completed without the elevation of a mucoperiosteal flap

Not reported

3.75 months

Alzahrani et al. [44]

Parallel RCT

24 (15 females and 9 males)

12

12

37.8

Subjects with at least one site bordered by minimum of one tooth, nonsmokers, teeth with root fracture, patients having teeth with hopeless periodontal prognosis, teeth with failed endodontic therapy or advanced carious

lesion

Not reported

The teeth were extracted with minimal trauma and without flap elevation, using periotomes by single experienced periodontist

Not reported

Not reported

Temmerman et al. [50]

Split moth RCT

22 (15 females and 7 males)

22

22

54

Symmetrical bilateral (e.g., premolar versus premolar, incisor versus incisor) tooth extractions in the maxilla or mandible

Not specified

A flapless approach, as atraumatically as possible using periotomes, was used. Sites with loss of the buccal or palatal bone plate (< 50% of the initial height) were not excluded. Sockets were carefully cleaned using curettes

Incisors, canines and premolars

Not reported

Marenzi et al. [57]

Split mouth RCT

26 (17 females and 9 males)

53

Patients who needed bilateral paired dental extractions

All extraction sites were simple with alveolar walls preserved

The teeth were extracted in a nontraumatic manner without elevation of full-thickness flaps and preserving the buccal and lingual walls of the sockets

Canines, premolars and molars

Not reported

Suttapreyasri et al. [45]

Split mouth RCT

8 (5 women and 3 men)

8

8

20.3

Patients who are physically healthy, with no underlying systemic disease, as determined by medical history records. Need for symmetrical premolars extraction

Not reported

The tooth was gently luxated with an elevator and carefully extracted with extraction forceps, attempting to minimize the trauma to the bone circumscribing the alveolus

Premolars

Not reported

Hauser et al. [46]

Parallel RCT

23 (9 females and 14 males)

Test 1: 19

Test 2: 6

8

47.43

Patients, who required the extraction of an upper or lower premolar before its replacement by a dental implant

Presence of the buccal and palatal/lingual bony walls evaluated clinically by measuring the thickness of the alveolar ridge and radiologically by a periapical radiograph, and residual periodontal attachment of at least 6 mm

A scalpel for the syndesmotomy; a buccal and palatal/lingual mucosal flap without discharge for the PRF-flap group; use of dental elevators, extraction with forceps, curettage, and socket filling with PRF membranes for PRF and PRF-flap groups; placement of the PRF membranes over the alveolar crest for the PRF-flap group; hemostasis by compression; and suture with a point cross

Premolars

2 months

Thakkar et al. [52]

RCT (not further defined)

36 sites (Number of patients not defined)

Not reported

Not reported

Not reported

Patients between the age group of 20 and 55 years, requiring extraction of at least one maxillary or mandibular nonrestorable single‑rooted tooth

Not described

Periotomes and forceps were used with great care taken to maintain the buccal bone and the surrounding soft and hard tissues

Single rooted teeth

Not reported

Yewale et al. [51]

Parallel RCT

20 (9 females and 11 males)

Not reported

Not

35

Sites in maxilla were selected which where, single non restorable teeth and indicated for extraction

Intactness of buccal cortical plate was examined and assessed

Extraction was carried out atraumatically. Subsequent to atraumatic extraction, height of buccal and palatal bone plate was clinically inspected at mid buccal and mid lingual region with aid of periodontal probe. With #15 blade, intrasulcular incision was made elevating marginal gingiva and adjacent interdental papilla. Flap reflection was done by Periosteal elevator resulting in exposure of crestal bone around socket. This aided in direct visualization and measurement of crestal bone level. Bone curette was used to debride extraction socket if granulation tissue is present

Single rooted teeth

Not reported