Table 7 Biological outcomes

Andersson et al. 2001 [15]

100%

p > 0.05 for plaque and bleeding measurements between abutments at 1 Y

Buccal fistula: 1 in c, recession:1 in t/2 in c

Galluci et al. 2011b [51]

100%

p < 0.05 for FMPS at 2 Y between t and c (increased scores in the all-ceramic group)

FBIC p < 0.05 between B and CI at 1 Y and 2 Y

Hosseini et al. 2011 [66]

100%

p > 0.05 for mPII and mBI between groups at B and 1 Y

Ceramic group 1 Y: 1 fistula, 3 suppuration on probing, 2 PPD ≥ 5 mm, 1 weak pain (most not ideal marginal adaptation—p < 0.05 for ceramic group)

Metal group 1 Y: 3 suppuration and PPD ≥ 5 mm

Brandenberg et al. 2017 [48]

100%

PPD no difference between groups/ mean PPD of all implants higher at B than 1 Y (P < 0.05)

BOP significantly increased in both groups after 1 Y (non-significant between group comparison)

KM, MT slight increase over time (p > 0.05)

At 1 Y 1 implant (control) small recession

Carrillo de Albornoz et al. 2014 [67]

100%

PPD, REC: p > 0.05 between B and 12 M or between groups

FMBS: improvement for both groups from B to 1 M (p < 0.05)

Patil et al. 2017 [62]

100%

p > 0.05 for PPD between groups at B and at 1 Y

Baldini et al. 2016 [68]

100%

PPD, BOP, REC: P > 0.05 between B and 12 M or between groups

MT: no changes

Paolantoni et al. 2016 [69]

100%

PI, BI p > 0.05 between groups

Thoma et al. 2018b [56]

100%

PD p > 0.05 at B, 6 M, and 1 Y between groups and intragroup changes

Plaque changes non-significant

BOP increase between B and 1 Y in CR white group significant

BOP not significant difference between groups

Wittneben et al. 2020 [59]

100%

1Y: Low mPLI, mSBI, PD (p > 0.05 between groups)

Mean KM 3.6 mm

Group B KM significant difference between B and 1 Y

3Y: p > 0.05 between groups for mPLI, mSBI, PPD, and KM

Within each group p < 0.05 for mPLI between time points (B and 6 M, 6 M and 1 Y, 6 M and 3 Y)

Amorfini et al. 2018 [73]

100%

2 mucositis cases (1 in each group)

BOP, PPD, mPI: p > 0.05

Eisner et al. 2018 [49]

100%

PD, BOP, PI at 3 Y p > 0.05 between groups

MT higher at 3Y in implants than teeth (p < 0.05)

MT higher in control (p = 0.013) at 3 Y

MT implant increased over time in both groups (p < 0.05)

KM test 3Y 3.22 mm vs KM control 3Y 3.67 mm (p = 0.037)

Thoma et al. 2018a [54]

100%

PCR, PPD, KT stable over time and comparable between implants and teeth

Median BOP at B: 33% CR, 17% SR

Median BOP at 6 M: 17% CR, 17% SR

Heierle et al. 2019 [53]

100%

N/A

Laass et al. 2019 [50]

100%

p = 0.042 in PD at 5 Y between groups (increased scores in the test group)/intragroup differences between B and 5 Y not significant

In the c group KM was a little wider and the MT was higher (p > 0.05)

p > 0.05 for PCR, BOP

Kraus et al. 2019 [57]

81.8%

Median PD 3.0 mm in SR and 3.0 mm in CR (p = 0.664)

Intragroup changes in PD from B to 3Y were statistically significant (p < 0.05)

BOP and PCR: p > 0.05 between groups

Median KM between implants (SR) and control teeth significant (p = 0.007)

Median KM between implants (CR) and control teeth non-significant (p = 0.42)

MT p > 0.05 between implants and teeth in both groups and in intragroup comparison (B vs 3 Y)

One implant from CR was lost at 9 M and one at 3 Y

At 3 Y 2 implants peri-implant mucositis (one in CR and one in SR)

Koutouzis et al. 2019 [74]

96.3%

Plaque, BOP, and PPD at crown placement and 1 Y (1 Y PPD: CX: 74.4% PD < 3, 25.6% PD 4-5 mm, CV: 66.7% PD < 3, 32.1% PD 4-5 mm, 1.2% PD ≥ 6 mm): no statistical difference between groups

Marginal mucosa position changes p > 0.05 between groups (correlation between mucosa position and buccal bone thickness)