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International Journal of Implant Dentistry
Fig. 2 | International Journal of Implant Dentistry

Fig. 2

From: Facile distribution of an alkaline microenvironment improves human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis on a titanium surface through the ITG/FAK/ALP pathway

Fig. 2

Three-dimensional optical microscopy images of the surface morphology from SLA (a), 20 mM sodium bicarbonate@SLA (b), 50 mM sodium bicarbonate@SLA (c), 100 mM sodium bicarbonate@SLA (d), and 200 mM sodium bicarbonate@SLA discs (e). Quantitative measurement of the roughness of each group by the Sa value (f) and the Ra value (g). Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3, *P< 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001)

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