Table 4 Risk factors for MRONJ
Risk factors | ||
|---|---|---|
Local risk factors | Anatomical factors | mandible rather than maxilla maxillary or mandibular tori exostoses knife-edge ridgemylohyoid ridge |
Dental treatment | tooth extraction implant treatment (placement, bone augmentation, periimplantitis, removal) periodontal surgery endodontic treatment (especially apicectomy) other oral surgery except for above-mentioned risk factors | |
Dental prosthesis | fixed prostheses (non-passive fit) ill-fitting dentures | |
Other oral conditions | excessive bite force poor oral hygiene xerostomia | |
Systemic risk factors | Medications | chemotherapy for malignant tumors corticosteroids |
Systemic diseases | oncology patients receiving IV bisphosphonates or high-dose denosumab diabetes osteoporosis rheumatoid arthritis cardiovascular disease (hypertension, hyperlipidemia and angina) Sjögren’s syndrome sarcoidosis hypocalcemia hypoparathyroidism osteomalacia vitamin D deficiency renal dialysis anemia Paget’s disease of bone | |
Others | tobacco use alcohol intake obesity advanced age | |
Other risk factors | Genetic factors | single-nucleotide polymorphisms (CYP2C8, SIRT1/HERC4) |