Fig. 1

Illustration of the potential role of beta-blockers and RAS inhibitors in peri-implant bone remodeling processes. AP-1, activator protein 1; ARB, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa β ligand; OPG, osteoprotegerin; ATF-4, activating transcription factor 4; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NF-kβ, nuclear factor-kappa β; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; Ang, angiotensin; AT1R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor; AT2R, angiotensin II type 2 receptor