Potential risk factors for early and late dental implant failure: a retrospective clinical study on 9080 implants

International Journal of Implant Dentistry

Table 1 Contingency analysis

	Pearson’s chi-square (χ²)	P value	Phi (Φ) contingency coefficient	Cramers V
Age	5.743	0.017	0.147
Gender	0.014	0.904	0.007
Jaw	13.358	0.001	0.224
Location	6.635	0.383	0.053
Length	13.554	0.004		0.197
Diameter	2.510	0.474		0.085
CVD	1.355	0.244	0.071
Diabetes mellitus	0.707	0.400	0.052
Comorbidity	4.741	0.029	0.134

The table shows the computation of Pearson’s chi-square (χ²) test, which was performed to check the correlation between the variables. As chi-square test lacks standardization, correlative measures like Phi (Φ) contingency coefficient (four fields table) and Cramers V (≥ 4 cases) were used to demonstrate the strength of association between the groups. A value of ≥ 0.1 was defined as a low association, a value of ≥ 0.3 up to < 0.5 as medium strength of association, and a value ≥ 0.5 as a strong association between the groups. A p value ≤ 0.05 was termed significant