Fig. 2

a Representative digital microscopic and SEM images of control and test implants. b Representative surface images with a confocal laser microscope (Cont: control). c Decreased Sa in test implants when compared with each control (*p < 0.05, n = 10/each group). d Representative surface and cross-sectional images of each implant with SEM under × 5000 magnification (Flank: implant flank). e Increased Ra in test implants compared with each control (***p < 0.001, n = 10/each group)