Fig. 1

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed the composition of the samples in percentage. a Titanium alloy—TiNbZr. c Pure titanium—Ti(cp). e Niobium—Nb. g Zirconia—Zr. Scanning electron micrograph images of the samples showed the differences of the surfaces. b Titanium alloy—TiNbZr. d Pure titanium—Ti(cp). f Niobium—Nb. h Zirconia—Zr