Relation between insertion torque and tactile, visual, and rescaled gray value measures of bone quality: a cross-sectional clinical study with short implants

International Journal of Implant Dentistry

Table 3 Comparison of CT mean gray values (average of the axial, coronal, and sagittal ROIs) as a function of arch, dental region, insertion torque, and bone types as classified by CT visual assessment and by intra-surgical tactile evaluation

Variable	Mean^a	Std error	95% confidence interval	P value (F; DF)
Arch				< 0.001
Maxilla	1358A	38.1	[1281–1436]	(27.974; 1)
Mandible	1636B	36.1	[1563–1709]
Dental region				0.014
Premolar	1661A	68.7	[1521–1800]	(6.641; 1)
Molar	1460B	36.7	[1386–1535]
Insertion torque				0.002
< 15 N cm	1375A	49.5	[1274–1476]	(7.595; 2)
15 to 35 N cm	1510AB	49.5	[1409–1611]
> 35 N cm	1667B	56.4	[1552–1782]
Tactile evaluation				0.001
Bone type 2	1650A	60.0	[1528–1772]	(8.703; 2)
Bone type 3	1537A	43.8	[1447–1626]
Bone type 4	1341B	49.0	[1242–1441]
CT visual evaluation				0.015
Bone type 2	1742A	83.4	[1571–1912]	(4.828; 2)
Bone type 3	1495B	46.6	[1399–1590]
Bone type 4	1434B	56.2	[1318–1549]

^aMeans followed by distinct letters are statistically different at a significance level of 0.05 (one-way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons by Tukey HSD)