Table 1 Study characteristics and MINORS scores

Watzinger et al. [29]

Retrospective observational

Implant survival in irradiated mandibles and Outcomes of Peri-implant bone

Not defined

N/A

SCC

Range = 41–79 years

Up to 3 years

Mandible

IMZ

Primary and secondary implant placement.

Secondary placement 6 months after oncological reconstruction.

Delayed loading of implants of at least 6 months.

Removable

Teoh et al. [26]

Retrospective observational

Implant survival in the reconstructed mandible and prognostic factors.

Own—implant not removed then survived.

N/A

SCC, Osteogenic sarcoma, Benign tumours, mucoepidermoid carcinoma and other sarcomas

Mean = 42 years (range = 67–80.5 years)

Mean = 51.7 months (range = 1.3–138 months)

Mandible

Nobel and Osseotite

Delayed loading of implants 6 months after placement.

Fixations screws removed prior to implant placement

Fixed and removable

Wu et al. [30]

Retrospective observational

Clinical outcomes of dental implants placed in fibula free flaps for orofacial reconstruction

Own—implants still functioning with no mobility, pain or infection, but with peri-implant bone resorption more than 2 mm were classified as survived.

Albrektsson et al.1986

Benign and malignant head and neck tumours

Average 47.1 years

Average 47.8 months

Maxilla and mandible

ITI and Branemark

19 patients had primary implant placement 10 patients had secondary placement after oncological reconstruction.

Delayed loading of implants of at least 3 months after placement.

Fixed and removable

Fenlon et al. [19]

Retrospective observational

Implant survival

Poorly defined—implant osseointegrated and in situ then survived (usefulness of implant assessed using own 4-point index)

N/A

Cancer

Unknown

At least 3 years

Unknown

Nobel Biocare, Endopore, Astra and unknown implants

95 implants were primarily placed and 50 implants had secondary placement 3 months after oncological reconstruction.

Unknown

Ch’ng et al. [20]

Retrospective observational

Implant survival, assess effect of risk factors associated with poor healing.

N/A

Own—implant success was defined as a painless and stable fixture without evidence of peri-implant infection or radiographic lack of osseointegration

SCC, recurrence, osteosarcoma, desmoid tumour, adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma, MEC, hemangioma-endotheiloma

Median age = 59 years

Mean = 3.1 years

Unknown

Astra

Primary and secondary implant placement. Patients had implants placed prior to radiotherapy. Reconstruction plates and screws removed if hindering implant placement. Debulking of soft tissues and vestibuloplasty also carried out as required.

All removable

Shaw et al. [31]

Retrospective observational

Implant survival and complications and surgical complications

N/A

Own—implant success was defined as remaining function, no mobility, pain or infection.

80% of patients SCC, other 20% unknown

Mean = 58 year (range = 15–80 years)

Mean = 3.5 years (range = 0.3/14 years)

Maxilla and mandible

Frialit II, IMZ, Branemark, and IMTEC

Secondary implant placement 1 year after oncological reconstruction.

Delayed loading of implants of 3–6 months.

Debulking of soft tissue and mucosal grafts carried out as required.

Fixed and removable

Wang et al. [21]

Retrospective observational

Vertical bone Height—double barrel vs vertical distraction Osteogenesis in Fibula Free Flaps, Implant Survival and Success

Poorly defined - implant still in situ then survived.

Albrektsson et al.1986

Ameloblastoma and OKC

Range = 28–55 years

Mean = 42.5 months ± 4 months

Mandible

Straumann

Secondary implant placement after oncological reconstruction.

Delayed loading of implants 3-5 months after placement.

Distraction osteogenesis devices used as implants and restored.

All fixed

Yerit et al. [16]

Retrospective observational

Implant survival in the mandible after radiotherapy and radical surgery in oral cancer patients.

N/A

Own - Implant Success when no complaints of the patient, no mobility, no peri-implant tissue inflammation and no peri-implant bone loss exceeding one-third of implant length was observed

Cancer of oral cavity (majority of the subjects having destructive oral squamous cell carcinomas stage T2–T4)

Range = 16–84.1 years

Mean = 5.42 years ± 3.21 years

Mandible

IMZ, Frialit II and Xive

Implant insertion at various intervals with the mean at 1.41 years after reconstruction.

Delayed loading of implants of at least 6 months.

Gingivoplasty and vestibuloplaty procedures carried out as required.

Removable

Linsen et al. [17]

Retrospective observational

Survival of implants and implant-retained prostheses in patients after ablative surgery of oral cancer with or without adjunctive radiation therapy.

N/A

Kaplan et al. 1958

SCC, Ameloblastoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma, OKC, Carcinoma of other origins

Mean = 55.7 year (range = ± 16.25 years)

Mean = 47.99 months ± 134.31 months)

unknown

Branemark and Straumann

Delayed implant placement with an average of 41 months after oncological treatment.

Delayed loading of implants of 4.9 months (average).

Fixed and removable

Fierz et al. [25]

Retrospective observational

Reports on surgical and prosthodontic rehabilitation after resection for oral oncology resection

Own—implant not removed then survived, those functioning given a ‘survival rating’

N/A

SCC, Adenocarcinoma and Others tumours

Mean = 57 year (range = ± 7.2 years)

Range = Less than 12 months up to 5 years

Maxilla and Mandible

Unknown

No described protocol.

Fixed and removable

Barrowman et al. [7]

Retrospective observational

Audit experience of implant placement in jaws after oral cancer resection, Success of Prosthodontic Rehabilitation

Poorly defined - implant still in situ then survived

N/A

SCC, Verrucous Carcinoma, Osteosarcoma and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Range = 20–76 years

Up to 15 years

Maxilla and Mandible

Branemark

No described protocol.

Fixed and removable

Zou et al. [22]

Retrospective observational

Long-term clinical outcomes on immediate or staged Implant Placement in iliac bone for restoring defects after tumour resection.

Own - Implants provided supportive function and were stable when torque tested

Albrektsson et al.1986

SCC, Ameloblastoma, OKC, Myxoma

Range = 24–61 years

Up to 12 years

Mandible

Nobel and Straumann

17 patients had primary implant placement 15 patients had secondary placement after oncological reconstruction.

Delayed loading of implants of 5–6 months.

Bone condensing was performed to enhance the bone density.

Fixed and removable

Schultes et al. [15]

Retrospective observational

Stability of implants in microvascular free flaps

Poorly defined - implant still in situ then survived

N/A

Alveolar crest carcinoma T4

Average 58.2, 53.6 years

Up to 12 months

Mandible

SIS (Austria)

Implants placed 4 months after radiotherapy

Delayed loading of implants of 4 months

All removable

Buddula et al. [24]

Retrospective observational

Implant survival in irradiated bone

Own—implant present in oral cavity at time of data collection then deemed to have survived.

N/A

SCC, adenoid cystic carcinoma, BCC and unknown

Mean = 60.2 years

Up to 7 years

Maxilla and mandible

Unknown

Median time from ending radiotherapy to implant placement was 3.4 years.

Unknown

Klein et al. [32]

Retrospective observational

Prognostic parameters for the rehabilitation of mandibular continuity defects with free autologous bone and dental implants for patients after intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma

N/A

Naert et al. 1992

SCC

Mean = 55.7 years

Not documented

Mandible

Unknown

Implants were principally placed into the following 4 tissue conditions: non-irradiated local bone, irradiated local bone, osteoplastic in non-irradiated tissue and osteoplastic in irradiated tissue.

Unknown

Burgess et al. [27]

Retrospective observational

Implant survival in a variety of composite free flaps

Own—implant not removed then survived

N/A

Head and neck neoplasia

Average age at implantation was 51 years (range, 18–77 years)

At least 6 months follow-up

Maxilla and mandible

Neoss, Straumann Dentsply Sirona, South Africa - Head Office implants

Primary and secondary implant placement. The mean time to implant placement from reconstruction was 19 months (range, 0–141 months) with 2 patients (7 implants) having their implants placed into the fibula 6 weeks before harvesting.

Unknown

Chiapasco et al. [18]

Retrospective observational

Fibula Free flap survival, implant survival

Albrektsson et al.1986

Albrektsson et al.1986

Rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, SCC, osteosarcoma and ameloblastoma

Range = 13–66 years

Range = 24–106 months

Maxilla and mandible

Branemark, ITI and 3i

Placement using surgical guides.

Secondary implant placement 3–12 months after oncological reconstruction.

Implants immediately loaded in 2 patients. Delayed loading for the all other patients 3-6 months after placement.

Fixed and removable

Chiapasco et al. [23]

Retrospective observational

Bone graft success, implant success, patient satisfaction

Own—similar to Albrektsson et al.1986 authors allow greater bone loss around implants.

Albrektsson et al.1986

Ameloblastoma, ossifying fibroma, cementoblastoma, myxoma, SCC, gigantocellular tumour, OKC and rhabdomyosarcoma.

Range = 17–54 years

Range = 48–132 months

Mandible

Straumann, Nobel biocare and Branemark

Placement using surgical guides.

Secondary implant placement 4–7 months after oncological reconstruction.

Delayed loading of implants 4-6 months after placement.

All fixed

Chiapasco et al. [33]

Retrospective observational

Bone resorption of bone grafts, behaviour of bone around implants, implant failure

Albrektsson et al.1986

Albrektsson et al.1986

Ewing sarcoma, epidermoid carcinoma, cylindroma, desmoplastic fybroma, chondroblastic sarcoma, cementoblastoma, ameloblastoma, chondrosarcoma, ossifying fibroma, myxoma and giantocellular tumour

Range = 20–58 years

Range = 14–34 months

Maxilla and mandible

Branemark and ITI

Placement using surgical guides.

Secondary implant placement 4–8 months after oncological reconstruction.

Delayed loading of implants 4-6 months after placement.

Unknown

Hessling et al. [28]

Retrospective observational

Implant survival, peri-implantitis

Poorly defined—implant still in situ then survived.

N/A

SCC and odontogenic tumours with malignant degeneration

Range = 18–77 years

Range = 3–82 months

Maxilla and mandible

Xive and templant

No described protocol.

Fixed and removable