Table 1 All studies in the literature that considered with an actual validation of FEA
Ranking | Authors | Year | FE model | FEM geometry reference | Material properties of tissues around implants | Validation | Material of validation model | Comparison items |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Heckmann et al. [10] | 2006 | Implants embedded in a bone block | CAD: bone block with a cortical layer and cancellous layer was constructed by CAD | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical and trabecular bone | (1) In vitro testing: strain gauge on implant support bridge in resin bone model (2) In vivo testing: strain gauge on pontic of a 3-unit bridge in humans | (1) Epoxy resin (2) In vivo: in a patient’s mouth | Surface strain of resin/resin |
B | Hou et al. [12] | 2009 | Implants embedded in bone (rat’s mouth) | CT: CT data of the implant in a rat model | Not mentioned | In vivo experiment: implants placed in rat, and histologic findings compared after loading | In vivo: rat | Histologic findings |
B | Natali et al. [11] | 1997 | Implants embedded in a bone block | CAD: bone section constructed by CAD | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical and trabecular bone | In vivo experiment: implant insertion in animal (dog) for loading and creation of sections of bone and implants | In vivo: dog | Visualization of change in bone and stress analysis by FEA |
B | Cha et al. [13] | 2015 | Implant engaged in bone disc (model was used to calculate torque) | CAD: based on histology of the bone–implant interface | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity | In vivo experiment: implant insertion in animal (mice) with different insertion torques | In vivo: mice | Histomorphometric analyses |
C | Nagasao et al. [16] | 2009 | Implants embedded in normal mandibles and reconstructed mandible (with fibulae or ribs) and under mastication movement (dynamic condition) | CT: dry mandibles, ribs, and fibulae | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical and cancellous bone of every part of mandible, fibula, and rib | Mechanical testing: implant embedded in 3 full mandibles and surface strain under loading measured by strain gauge | Dry mandible as mandible | Surface strain of bone under same conditions in FEA/experiment |
C | Nagasao et al. [17] | 2010 | Implants embedded in normal mandibles and reconstructed mandible (with fibulae or ribs) under mastication movement (dynamic condition) | CT: dry mandibles, ribs, and fibulae | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical and cancellous bone of every part of mandible, fibula, and rib | Mechanical testing: implant embedded in 2 full mandibles and surface strain under loading measured by strain gauge | Dry mandible as mandible | Surface strain of bone under same conditions in FEA/experiment |
C | Eser et al. [18] | 2009 | Four implants embedded in the maxilla with bar superstructure | CAD: model of nonanatomic maxilla, individualized arch form according to implant alignment | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical bone, cancellous bone, Ti, Alloy, bar-superstructure | Ex vivo strain gauge measurement of cadaver’s maxilla (with implants) | Cadaver | Surface strain of bone (maxilla) |
C | Nagasao et al. [19] | 2006 | Implants embedded in normal maxilla and cleft maxilla | CT and CAD: normal maxilla: CT from a dry skull; palatal cleft, alveolar cleft, and complete cleft were designed by computer | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical and trabecular bone | Mechanical testing: strain measurement by strain gauge and implant embedded in actual skull model | Dry skull | Surface strain of bone |
D | Bardyn et al. [20] | 2010 | Implants embedded in bone (polyurethane foam and sheep bone) | CT: polyurethane foam block and sheep bone | Nonhomogeneous: calculated from CT data | Mechanical testing in both polyurethane foam and sheep bone: measurement of removal torque of the implant | Polyurethane foam and sheep bone | Removal torque of implants |
D | Olsen et al. [21] | 2005 | Implants embedded in porcine mandibles from CT data and application of loading on the implant of FEM | CT: porcine mandibles | Nonhomogeneous: calculated from CT data | Mechanical testing: comparison of displacement with actual measurements under the same testing load | Block of porcine mandible | Implant displacement under loading |
D | Huang et al. [22] | 2002 | Implant embedded in bone block | CAD: bone block model constructed by CAD | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical and trabecular bone | In vitro model testing experiments: implant in bone cubic and measurement of resonance frequencies | Bone section from lumbar vertebrae of hogs | Value of resonance frequency |
D | Hasan et al. [23] | 2012 | Implant (implant and abutment together) embedded in bovine bone | CT: scan of the models used for the experiment (implant embedded in bovine rib) | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: bovine cortical bone, bovine cancellous bone | Mechanical tests: implant displacement and rotation under loading were measured using a biomechanical measurement system (laser pinhole and camera) | Bovine rib section as mandible bone | Displacement of the abutment |
D | Chatzigianni et al. [24] | 2011 | Mini-implant embedded in bone | CT: scan of the specimen used for the experiment (implant embedded in bovine rib) | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: bovine cortical bone, bovine cancellous bone | Mechanical tests: implant displacement and rotation under loading were measured using a 3D mobility measurement system (laser beams and camera) | Bovine rib section as mandible bone | Displacement of the abutment |
E1 | Tiossi et al. [14] | 2013 | Implants and tooth (acrylic) embedded in resin block model, crowns (splint and non-splint) | CAD: epoxy model block | Nil (in this FEM, there was a resin block only and no living tissue simulation) | Digital image correlation (DIC): images of deforming body captured and strain calculated. Mechanical testing with implants embedded in resin block | Resin block as mandible bone | Calculated surface strain by DIC and FEA |
E2 | Ozçelik et al. [25] | 2007 | Three-unit bridge fixed prosthesis (with rigid connector and non-rigid) supported by an implant and a natural tooth, with an adjacent tooth and surrounding bone | CAD: a bone section (2D) was constructed by CAD with a cortical layer and spongious bone and PDL | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: enamel, dentin, pulp, cortical bone, cancellous bone | Photoelastic stress analysis methods (PSAM): implants placed in photoelastic resin, then force loaded and photograph taken | Photoelastic resin as bone | Stress distribution in bone/resin |
E3 | Chou et al. [26] | 2014 | A section of mandible and implant | CT data and 2D FE model used in previous study | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity | Mechanical testing: implant embedded in resin bone and strain measured by strain gauge | 3D printer to build acrylic-based polymer | Surface strain of bone |
E3 | Mobilio et al. [29] | 2013 | Implant embedded in a bone block | CAD: bone block built by CAD with a cortical (1.5 mm) and trabecular (28.5 mm) layer | Homogenous anisotropic linear elasticity cortical bone: orthotopic linearly elastic material; trabecular bone: transversely isotropic linearly elastic material | Mechanical testing: implant embedded in resin block and strain measured by strain gauge | Resin block as mandible bone | Load and strain relationship |
E3 | Chang et al. [30] | 2012 | Short implants with crowns embedded in left posterior segment of maxilla | CT: CT scan of a dry human male skull | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical bone, cancellous bone (high and low density) | Mechanical testing: strain measured by strain gauge and implant embedded in resin block under loading | ABS plastic bone as maxillary bone | Surface strain of bone/resin |
E3 | Tu et al. [31] | 2010 | Implant embedded in resin block | CAD: a resin block with a cortical layer and cancellous layer was constructed by CAD | Nil (in this FEM, there was a resin block only and no living tissue simulation) | Mechanical testing: strain measured by strain gauge and implant embedded in resin mandible section | Resin bone as mandible bone | Surface strain of bone/resin |
E3 | Lin et al. [32] | 2010 | Implant embedded in the left maxilla with crown | CT of intact healthy male patient | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical bone, cancellous bone | Mechanical testing: strain measured by strain gauge and implant embedded in resin mandible section | ABS plastic bone as maxillary bone | Surface strain of bone/resin |
E3 | Qian et al. [33] | 2009 | Implant embedded in bone block | CAD: a bone cubic with cortical layer and cancellous layer was constructed by CAD | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical bone, cancellous bone | (1) In vitro experiment: mechanical testing with resin bone and digital image correlation to calculate displacement of implant and strain on bone (2) Literature data: strain gauge measurement in model experiment | Resin block as mandible bone | (1) Displacement of implant and strain on bone (2) Surface strain of bone |
E3 | Karl et al. [34] | 2009 | Implant embedded in base made by 3 materials | CAD: acrylic, G10 epoxy resin, aluminum | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: acrylic, G10 epoxy resin, aluminum | Mechanical testing: strain gauge. FEA-calculated strain was compared with strain gauge results | Acrylic resin, glass-filled epoxy, aluminum | Surface strain of acrylic resin, glass-filled epoxy, aluminum |
E3 | Hsu et al. [35] | 2009 | Implant embedded in resin block (with resin’s parameter for consistence with experiment) | Nil | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: Resin (epoxy and Tempron) | Mechanical testing: implant embedded in resin bone section and surface strain under loading was measured by strain gauge | Resin block as mandible bone | Surface strain of resin/resin |
E3 | Nagasawa et al. [36] | 2008 | Implant embedded in a bone block (only compact bone) | CAD: a bone block (compact bone) was constructed by CAD | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: compact bone | Mechanical loading test for implant, sectioned longitudinally | Nil | Implant deformation; no scientific values |
E3 | Huang et al. [37] | 2005 | Splinted or non-splinted 2-unit crowns supported by 2 or 3 implants embedded in bone | CT: CT of posterior portion of a cadaver mandible | Homogeneous anisotropic linear elasticity cortical bone: orthotopic linearly elastic material; trabecular bone: transversely isotropic linearly elastic material | Mechanical test: strain measured by strain gauge on model | Acrylic resin as mandible bone | Surface strain of resin/bone |
E3 | Iplikçioğlu et al. [38] | 2003 | Implant embedded in bone block | CAD: a resin block model was constructed by CAD | Nil (in this FEM, there was a resin model only and no living tissue simulation) | Mechanical test: measurement of stress on the implant, abutment, and resin | Resin block as bone | Stress distribution in resin and implants |
E3 | Chang et al. [27] | 2016 | Ball attachment overdenture (mandible, implant and attachment, mucosa, denture) | CT: from a single human mandible (edentulous 65-year-old woman) | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity | Mechanical test: strain measured by strain gauge on surface of bone model | Rapid prototype ABS plastic bone model, and a 3-mm layer of silicone to simulate mucosa | Surface strain of resin/bone |
E3 | Rezende et al. [28] | 2015 | Bone section with embedded implant and prosthesis (metal coping and porcelain), screws | CT: in vitro model (resin bone) | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity | Mechanical test: strain measured by strain gauge on surface of bone model | Polyurethane resin | Surface strain of resin/bone |
E3 | Chang et al. [39] | 2012 | Implants embedded in maxilla section with imperfect and perfect osseointegration under force loading | CT: data of maxillary first molar area | Inhomogeneous anisotropic linear elasticity cortical bone: anisotropic Trabecular bone: transversely isotropic linearly elastic material | Mechanical testing: strain measured by strain gauge and implant embedded in resin block | Resin block as maxillary bone | Surface strain of bone/resin block |
E3 | Chang et al. [40] | 2012 | Implants and crowns in a section of the maxilla | CAD: a bone block with a cortical layer and cancellous layer was constructed by CAD | Homogeneous anisotropic linear elasticity compact bone, cancellous bone | Mechanical testing: strain measured by strain gauge and implant embedded in resin block | ABS resin block as mandible bone | Surface strain of bone/resin block |
E4 | Zhiyong et al. [41] | 2004 | (1) Single tooth in bone block (2) Single implant in bone block (3) Various FPD supported by tooth and implant | CAD: a bone block model was constructed by CAD | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical and trabecular bone, dentin, PDL | Mechanical testing: comparison of displacement with actual measurements under the same tested loading conditions | Not mentioned | Implant displacement under loading |
E4 | Chang et al. [42] | 2012 | Implant embedded in a bone block | CAD: a bone block with a cortical layer and cancellous layer was constructed by CAD | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: compact bone, cancellous bone | Mechanical testing: pullout testing of mini-implant inserted in synthetic bone material | Synthetic bone material as mandible bone | Pullout strength of mini-implant |
E5 | Inglam et al. [43] | 2013 | Implant embedded in a bone block | CAD: a bone block with a cortical layer and cancellous layer was constructed by CAD | Homogeneous anisotropic linear elasticity cortical bone: orthotopic isotropic Trabecular bone: transversely isotropic linearly elastic material | Mechanical testing: strain measured by strain gauge and implant embedded in resin block | Resin block as mandible bone | Surface strain of bone/resin block |
E5 | Necchi et al. [44] | 2003 | Implant (fixture, abutment, and connecting screw) | Nil | Nil | Mechanical failure tests: preloading and functional loading conditions | Not mentioned | Maximum breaking force |
E5 | Genna et al. [45] | 2003 | Implant embedded in bone block | CAD: a resin block model was constructed by CAD | Nil (in this FEM, there was a resin model only and no living tissue simulation) | Cyclic mechanical fatigue testing: implant placed in epoxy resin and section of specimen examined under microscope | Epoxy resin block as bone | Comparison of locations of stress focus |
E5 | Perriard et al. [46] | 2002 | Different types of implant bodies and abutments embedded in resin | CAD: epoxy resin as bone | Nil (in this FEM, there was a resin model only and no living tissue simulation) | Mechanical fatigue testing of implant model: until half of samples still survived under loading | Resin block | Comparison of locations of stress concentrations |
F1 | Bruno Salles Sotto-Maior et al. [47] | 2016 | A bone model of mandibular right posterior region | CT: from a patient’s mandible | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical and trabecular bone | Clinical findings of bone loss at 1-year follow-up | In vivo: radiographic films of patients | Mechanoregulatory tissue model was employed to monitor the morphological changes in bone subjected to biomechanical loading |
F1 | Wang et al. [48] | 2013 | A 3D model of maxillary bone | CT image of maxillary bone section missing both central incisors | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity | Radiographs qualitatively compared regarding resemblance between computational remodeling results and clinical data | In vivo: radiographic films of patients | Comparison of variations in maxillary bone densities |
F1 | Choi et al. [50] | 2012 | Implants embedded in anterior maxilla | CT: anterior maxillary bone | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity compact bone, cancellous bone | Comparison of model implant displacement under the same load with clinical outcomes in literature | Literature | Model implant displacement |
F1 | Shen et al. [51] | 2010 | Implant embedded in mandibular right first molar area | CAD: a bone block with a cortical layer and cancellous layer was constructed by CAD | Homogeneous anisotropic linear elasticity: cortical bone, cancellous bone | Clinical data; comparison of implant displacement value under 20-N loading from clinical data | Clinical results | Implant displacement under loading |
F1 | Lin et al. [52] | 2010 | Implant embedded in mandible (cortical and cancellous bone), crown, teeth | CT: in vivo CT of a segment of mandible | Inhomogeneous anisotropic linear elasticity: cortical bone, cancellous bone (properties varied with density) | Clinical data: comparison of bone density with other clinical follow-up X-ray images | X-ray images of human | X-ray images |
F2 | MacGinnis et al. [49] | 2014 | 3D skull model with masked sutures | CT: from 42-year-old man, 3D skull image excluding the mandible | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity | Comparison with past literature | Comparison with conclusions of past literature | |
F2 | Fanuscu et al. [53] | 2004 | Unilateral edentulous posterior maxilla with grafted sinus | CAD: unilateral edentulous posterior maxilla with grafted sinus was constructed by computer | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical and trabecular bone | Validation with previous study by one of the authors in which photoelastic modeling with similar geometry was used | Location of stress | |
F2 | Mellal et al. [54] | 2004 | Cylindrical implant, bone consisting of a cancellous core coated with cortical envelope | CAD: a bone section model was constructed by CAD | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical and trabecular bone | Literature: systematic search of the literature was conducted to relate the numerical predictions to existing in vivo data | ||
F2 | Zarone et al. [55] | 2003 | Mandible with 6 implants and prosthetic superstructure | Laser: a man’s total mandible by laser digitizer | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity: cortical and trabecular bone | Data from previous experiments: comparisons of range of medial convergence during opening and protrusive movements | ||
G | Bulaqi et al. [56] | 2015 | Implants embedded in a bone block | CT data: mandible | Homogeneous isotropic linear elasticity | Comparison with theoretically predicted values (calculated with the equations) | values of conical to wretch torque ratio | |
G | Vayron et al. [57] | 2015 | Implants embedded in a bone block | CAD: cortical bone, newly formed bone, and trabecular bone | Homogeneous isotropic mechanical properties | Comparison with results using a 2D finite difference numerical model |