Table 2 Characteristics of included studies in this systematic review

1

Gray et al., 1998, Scotland, United Kingdom

Low-field magnetic resonance imaging for implant dentistry

11 Patients

N/A

Evaluation of the available bone level for dental implant placement

T1-weightedfast spin echo (SE) technique

19 implants (13 maxillary and six mandibular);titanium

0.2 T

Radiofrequency head coil

5:16 min:s

Open Viva, Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany

Accurate preoperative visualization of the implant site, distinguishing between cortical and cancellous bone and associated anatomical structures, with minimal artifacts

2

Hassfeld et al., 2001, Germany

Magnetic resonance tomography for planning dental implantation

15 patients

40 years; (14–85 years)

Assessment of MRI for pre-implant imaging inpatients with severe alveolar atrophy

T1-weighted, fat-suppressed sequences and conventional T1-weighted sequences

N/A

1.5 T

N/A

14:09 min:s

Edge High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging System, Picker, Cleveland, USA

Detailed depiction of anatomically relevant structures, such as the mandibular canal and maxillary sinus. Artifacts caused by metallic materials reduced the image quality

3

Imamura et al., 2004, Japan

A Comparative Study of ComputedTomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Mandibular Canals and Cross-Sectional Areas in Diagnosis prior to Dental Implant Treatment

11 Patients

59 years; (35–75 years)

Evaluation and comparison of the detectability of the anatomical morphology of mandibular molar implant sites using CT and MRI prior to dental implant treatment

T1-weightedMRI

19 implants;N/A

1.5 T

N/A

N/A

MAGNEX 150™, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan

MRI identified the canal in all cases, while CT failed to do so in half of the cases, with high inter- and intra-reader reliability

4

Senel et al., 2006, Turkey

Assessment of the sinus lift operation by magnetic resonance imaging

8 patients

N/A;(38–55 years)

Evaluation of theedentulous maxillary regions one week before and three months after sinus lift surgery

T2-weighted fast spin echo (FSE),T1-weighted spin echo (SE)

13 implants;N/A

1.5 T

N/A

10 min

N/A

High-resolution visualization of the surgical site for preoperative planning and postoperative vertical bone height augmentation

5

Pompa et al., 2010, Italy

A comparative study of Magnetic Resonance (MR) and Computed Tomography (CT) in the pre-implant evaluation

30 patients

N/A

Evaluation and comparison of the bone level for pre-implant evaluationby CT and MRI

Fast-gradient-echo sequence; Proton density (PD)-weighted, T2-weighted and Tl-weighted spin-echo sequences

N/A; Prior Implants (amalgam,ferrous)

1.5 T

Head and neck coil

9 min

N/A

Accurate visualization and reliable bone measurements in the surgical site for preoperative dental implants, with no significant differences found between both imaging modalities

6

Burger et al., 2015, Switzerland

Hybrid PET/MR Imaging: An Algorithm to Reduce Metal Artifacts from Dental Implants in Dixon-Based Attenuation Map Generation Using a Multiacquisition Variable-Resonance Image Combination Sequence

8 patients

N/A

Development of an algorithm that adapts Dixon MR-based imaging to minimize metal artifacts from dental implants in hybrid PET/MR imaging

3-Dimensional dual gradient-echo sequence (Dixon) used for MR imaging–based PET attenuation correction and a high-resolution multiacquisition with variable resonance image combination (MAVRIC) sequence

N/A; titanium

3 T

N/A

6:38 min:s

Discovery MR750, imaging scanner, General Electric Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

The proposed algorithm was robust in all patients and allowed a significant 70% reduction in artifact size, allowing MR image-based attenuation correction in critical areas

7

Probst et al., 2017, Germany

Magnetic resonance imaging of the inferior alveolar nerve with special regard to metal artifact reduction

7 patients

N/A

To identify the potential and limitations of postoperative MRI of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) in dental implant surgery, especially regarding metal artefacts

Three-dimensional (3D) turbo spin echo (TSE) and gradient echo (GRE) sequences, T1-weighted volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) with fat suppression, and Constructive Interference in Steady State (CISS) with a high T2 contrast, WARP sequences

N/A;metallic materials

1.5 or 3 T

12-channel head coil with an additional surface coil

20:58 min:s

MAGNETOM Verio, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, GermanyMAGNETOM Avanto, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany

Subjects with postoperative neurosensory IAN impairment showed a significant reduction in metallic artifacts. The use of view angle technique (VAT) and slice-encoding metal artifact correction (SEMAC) techniques further improved image quality, but was associated with a blurring effect

8

Laurino et al., 2020, Brazil

Correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and cone-beam computed tomography for maxillary sinus graft assessment

15patients

59 years; (N/A)

Quantitative and qualitative assessment of postoperative bone dimensions after unilateral sinus lift surgery using CBCT and MRI

T1-weighted spin-echo sequence, T2-weighted spin- echo sequence

N/A

1.5 T

Head coil

N/A

MAGNETOM Aera; Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany

The presence of bone tissue in the grafted area was observed, with significant correlations between MRI and CBCT for sinus graft height, buccolingual width, and anteroposterior depth

9

Arabi et al., 2020, Switzerland

Truncation compensation and metallic dental implant artefact reduction in PET/MRI attenuation correction using deep learning-based object completion

25

patients

65 years;

(50–77

years)

Application of a deep learning-based assessment to predict the missing information in MR images compromised by metallic artifacts due to dental implants, with the aim of reducing quantification errors in PET/MRI

Dixon 3D volumetric interpolated T1-weighted sequence

N/A;

metallic materials

3 T

N/A

N/A

Ingenuity TF PET/MRI system, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

The results show promising performance of the proposed approach and reduction of artifacts in completing MR images compromised by metal artifacts and/or body truncation in PET/MR imaging

10

Probst et al., 2020, Germany

Magnetic resonance imaging based computer-guided dental implant surgery—A clinical pilot study

12

patients

49 years; (N/A)

Evaluation of the feasibility of computer-assisted template-guided 3D dental implant planning is feasible using MRI

3D T1-weighted bone sequence, 3D T2-weighted short tau inversion recovery (STIR)

12 implants;

N/A

3 T

16-channel Head and Neck Spine array

9:11 min:s

MR Ingenia Elition, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands

MRI-based guided dental implant surgery was feasible in 75% of the cases, with the resulting deviations between the virtually planned and the actual implant position being clinically acceptable

11

Hilgenfeld et al., 2020, Germany

Use of dental MRI for radiation-free guided dental implant planning: a prospective, in vivo study of accuracy and reliability

30

patients

57 years;

(N/A)

MRI datasets were used for implant planning and surgical guide fabrication in patients undergoing dental implant surgery. In addition, CBCT datasets were used to co-register and evaluate angular discrepancies between the planned and surgically guided positions of the implants

Multi-slab acquisition with view-angle tilting gradient was used, based on a sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolution (MSVAT-SPACE) prototype sequence

45 implants;

N/A

3 T

15-channel dental coil

7:45 min:s

MAGNETOM Tim Trio, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany

Inter-rater and inter-modality agreement was excellent for MRI-based treatment planning. CBCT-based adjustments to MRI plans were required for implant position at 30% and implant axis at 7%, with almost all guides being suitable for clinical use

12

Flügge et al., 2021, Germany

MRI for the display of autologous onlay bone grafts during early healing—an experimental study

10

patients

52.5 years;

(26–64 years)

Assessment of graft volume of autologous onlay bone grafts during early healing in patients with alveolar bone atrophy

2D Turbospinecho (TSE) sequences with view angle tilting (VAT) technique

N/A

3 T

Body transmit coil, a 4 cm receive loop coil (LC), and an intraoral inductively coupled coil (ICC)

2:38–5:03

min:s

MAGNETOM Prisma, Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany

MRI is capable of accurately imaging autologous onlay bone grafts longitudinally, but in some cases image artifacts have caused volumetric measurement deviations

13

Schwindling et al., 2021, Germany

Three-dimensional accuracy of partially guided implant surgery based on dental magnetic resonance imaging

34

patients

57 years;

(29–75 years)

Quantifying the three-dimensional accuracy of partially guided implant surgery using backward planning, based on dental magnetic resonance imaging

Multi-slab acquisition with view-angle tilting gradient was used, based on a sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolution (MSVAT-SPACE) prototype sequence

41 implants;

N/A

3 T

15-channel dental coil

10 min

MAGNETOM Tim Trio, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany

The 3D accuracy of MRI-guided partially guided implant surgery was lower for entry point, apex and axis than for CBCT-guided. Nevertheless, the values are promising for radiation-free backward planning

14

Grandoch et al., 2021, Germany

1.5 T MRI with a

Dedicated Dental

Signal-Amplification

Coil as Noninvasive,

Radiation-Free

Alternative to CBCT

in Presurgical Implant

Planning Procedures

16

patients

N/A; (19–78 years)

Evaluation of dental MRI as a radiation-free alternative for dental implant planning using

a dedicated dental signal amplification coil and to compare it with CBCT

3D high-resolution T1-weighted turbo- spin echo sequence (3D HR T1w TSE), 3D high resolution T1- weighted fast field echo sequence (3D HR T1w FFE)

22 implants;

N/A

1.5 T

Orbital 4-channel coil

8:52 min:s

Philips Achieva, Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands

Dental Implant planning was technically feasible by all MRI protocols, whereby 3D HR T1w TSE was superior and showed no significant differences compared to CBCT

15

Schwindling et al., 2021, Gerrmany

Geometric

Reproducibility of Three-Dimensional

Oral Implant Planning

Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cone-Beam

Computed Tomography

27 patients

N/A

Evaluation of geometric reproducibility of 3D implant planning based on MRI and CBCT using a backward planning approach and assessment of inter- and intra-rater reliability

Multi-slab acquisition with view-angle tilting gradient was used, based on a sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolution (MSVAT-SPACE) prototype sequence

41 implants;

N/A

3 T

15-channel dental coil

10 min

MAGNETOM Tim Trio, Siemens Healthineers; Erlangen, Germany

CBCT-based implant planning was more reproducible than MRI and inter- and intra-rater reliability was higher with CBCT than with MRI

16

Al-Haj Husain et al., 2023, Switzer-land

Buccal bone thickness assessment for immediate anterior dental implant planning: A pilot study comparing cone-beam computed tomography and 3D double-echo steady-state MRI

10 patients

32 years;

(19–59 years)

CBCT vs. MRI evaluation of buccal bone thickness for anterior implant planning

3-dimensional double-echo steady-state (DESS) MRI

N/A

3 T

64 channel head-and-neck coil

12:24 min:s

Skyra (release VE11c), Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany

Image quality showed little to no artifacts and allowed confident diagnostic interpretation, with no significant differences in buccal bone thickness assessment between both imaging modalities