Fig. 1

Schema of the time schedule for tissue sampling. a Photograph of the plasma device. b The distance between the plasma device and Ti disk was set to 5 mm, and plasma treatment was performed for 30 s. c The sampling time point is indicated as a cross. An implant (diameter 2 mm, length 4.5 mm), plasma treatment to the implant, and an intraoral photograph after implant placement are shown